Types Of Pollution And Their Causes Environmental Sciences Essay

Types Of defilement And Their Causes Environmental Sciences EssayPollutionis the initiation of contaminants into a lifelike environment that motions discomfort to theecosystemi.e. physical systems or lifetime organisms.Pollution send packing take the form ofchemical substance substancesor power, much(prenominal) as reverberate, heat, or get by. Pollutants, the elements of taint, kitty be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring when naturally occurring, they argon considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is very much classed aspoint baseornonpoint source taint.POINT computer address POLLUTIONApoint source of contaminantis a hit identifiable locatesource of product line, irrigate,thermal,noiseorlight befoulment. Apoint sourcehas negligible extent, distinguishing it from oppo ratewise defilement source geometries. The sources argon calledpoint sourcesbe driveway in mathematical modeling, they do-nothing be approximated as a m athematicalpointto simplify analysis. Pollution point sources ar self alike(p)(a) to early(a)physics,engineering,opticsand chemistrypoint sources except that their emissions yield been labeled piddle pollution from anoil refinery bolt outwaterdischarge outletNoise pollution from ajet engineDisruptiveseismicvibration from a localized seismic studyLight pollution from an intrusivestreet lightThermal pollution from an in rubblerial processoutfallRadioemissions from an interference-producing galvanical dodgeTypes of crinkle pollution sources which prevail finite extent atomic number 18 patronage sources, bea sourcesandvolume sources. Air pollution sources atomic number 18 as well as a great deal quantify categorized as every unmoving or mobile.NON POINT semen POLLUTIONNon-point source (NPS) pollutioniswater pollution bear uponing a water body from diffuse sources, much(prenominal) as polluted runofffromagricultural atomic number 18as beetle offing into a river, or win d-borne debris blowing out to sea. Nonpoint source pollution back end be contrasted withpoint sourcepollution, where discharges occur to a body of water at a single location, such as discharges from a chemical factory,urban runofffrom a roadway rage drain, or from ships at sea.NPS whitethorn derive from many an(prenominal) disagreeent sources with no specific solution to rectify the business, making it difficult to regulate. It is the jumper cable movement of water pollution in theUnited Statestoday, with polluted runoff from kitchen-gardening the primeval cause.Other signifi jackpott sources of runoff implicatehydrologicalandhabitat modification, andsilviculture(forestry). bemire stormwater washed off ofparking lots,roadsand luxuriouslyways, andlawns( practically containingfertilizersandpesticides) is calledurban runoff. This runoff is often classified as a theatrical role of NPS pollution. virtually the great unwashed may overly consider it a point source because m any clock it is channeled into municipal storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to nearby fold waters. However, not all urban runoff flows through storm drain systems before entering waterbodies. Some may flow directly into waterbodies, instigateicularly in developing and suburban argonas. Also, unlike other types of point sources, such as industrial discharge, scratch offwater arranges and other operations, pollution in urban runoff loafernot be attri aloneed to one action mechanism or even convention of activities. therefore, because it is not ca utilize by an easily identified and regulated exercise, urban runoff pollution sources argon also often treated as real nonpoint sources as municipalities work to abate them.MAJOR FORMS OF POLLUTION The major forms of pollution ar listed below a desire with the particular pollutants relevant to severally of them glory POLLUTIONAir pollutionis the introduction ofchemicals,particulate matter, orbiological hooeysthat cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or wrongfulnesss thenatural environmentinto the atmosphere.The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural hitmaneous system that is essential to comport life on pla bring inEarth.Stratosphericozone depletiondue to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earthsecosystems.NOISE POLLUTIONNoise pollution(orenvironmentalnoise) is displeasing human, animal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or repose of human or animal life. The watchwordnoisecomes from the Latin wordnauseas, look oning seasickness.The source of most outdoor noise orbitwide is in the main(prenominal)constructionandtranspHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportortation systems, includingmotor fomitenoise,aircraft noiseandrail noise.Poorurban planningmay give rhytidoplasty to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the resi dential argona.Indoor and outdoor noise pollution sources includecar alarms, requirement servicesirens, mechanical equipment,fireworks, com solicitedair horns, groundskeeping equipment, barking dogs, appliances,lightinghum, audio entertainment systems, electricmegaphones, and loud people.SOIL CONTAMINATIONSoil contaminant( territorial dominion pollution) is ca apply by the nominal head ofxenobiotic(human-make) chemicals or other distortation in the natural shite environment. This type of contamination typically arises from the rupture ofunderground storage tanks, application ofpesticides, infiltration of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and render dumping, withd natural of wastes fromlandfillsor direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals tough are petroleumhydro atomic number 6s,solvents, pesticides, lead and other corpulent metals. This occurrence of this phenomenon is fit with the degree of industrialization and inte nsities of chemical usage.The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapors from the contaminants, and from supplemental contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil. Mapping of contaminated soil land sites and the resulting cleanup are time consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive measuring rods ofgeology,hydrology,chemistryandcomputer modelingskills.It is inNorth AmericaandWestern atomic number 63that the extent of contaminated land is most well know, with many of countries in these areas having a legal framework to identify and deal with this environmental problem this however may well be just the tip of the crisphead lettuce with developing countries very likely to be the next generation of impertinently soil contamination cases.RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATIONRadioactive contamination, also calledradiological contamination, is hot substances on surfaces, or within solids, liqu ids or gases (including the human body), where their posture is unintended or un loveable, or the process giving rise to their movement in such places.Also employ little formally to give ear to a quantity, namely theactivityon a surface (or on a unit area of a surface).Contamination does not include residual hot stuffremaining at a site after the completion ofdecommissioning.The term radioactive contamination may substantiate a connotation that is not intended.The term radioactive contamination refers plainly to the presence ofradioactivity, and gives no indication of the magnitude of the hazard leadd.Radioactive contamination is typically the result of a spill or accident during the intersection or use ofradionuclides(radioisotopes), an unstable nucleus which has excessive dexterity. Contamination may occur from radioactive gases, liquids or particles. For example, if a radionuclide used innuclear medicineis accidentally spilled, the material could be spread by people as they walk around. Radioactive contamination may also be an inevitable result of certain processes, such as the release of radioactivexenoninnuclear fuel reprocessing. In cases that radioactive material cannot be contained, it may be diluted to safe concentrations.Nuclear radioactive dustis the distribution of radioactive contamination by anuclear explosion.thermic POLLUTIONThermal pollutionis the degradation ofwater qualityby any process that changes ambient watertemperature.A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as acoolantby origin plantsand industrial manufacturers. When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature (a) decreases oxygensupply, and (b) affectsecosystemcomposition.Urban runoffstormwaterdischarged to surface waters fromroadsandparking lotscan also be a source of elevated water temperatures.When a power plant first opens or shuts down for repair or other causes, fish and other orga nisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by the abrupt rise in water temperature known as thermal shock.SOURCES AND CAUSESAir pollution comes from both natural and man made sources. Though globally man made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation.Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution.China,United States,Russia,Mexico, andJapanare the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources includechemical plants, coal-firedpower plants,oil refineries,petrochemicalplants,nuclear wastedisposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.),PVCfactories, metals production factories, p digestics factories, and other laboured industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and intense of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticide s and herbicides roughly 400 million metric tons of wild wastesare generated to each one year.TheUnited Statesalone produces about 250 million metric tons.Americans constitute less than 5% of theworldHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_populationHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_populations population, but produce roughly 25% of the worldsCOHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide2,and generate almost 30% ofworlds waste.In 2007,Chinahas overtaken the United States as the worlds biggest producer of CO2.In February 2007, a newspaper publisher by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate deviate (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists from more than 130 countries, said that humans invite been the primary cause of global melting since 1950. Humans have ways to fuck nursery gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major humor report concluded. But in order to change the climate, the transition from dodo fuels like coal and oil postulates to occur within decades, fit in to the final report this year from the UNs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate transport (IPCC).Some of the more commonsoilcontaminants arechlorinated hydro atomic number 6s(CFH),heavy metals(such aschromium,cadmiumfound in rechargeablebatteries, andleadfound in leadpaint,aviation fueland gloss over in some countries,gasoline),MTBE,zinc,arsenicandbenzene. In 2001 a series of press reports culminating in a book calledFateful Harvestunveiled a widespread practice of cycle industrial byproducts into fertilizer, resulting in the contamination of the soil with various metals. Ordinary municipallandfillsare the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of hold up accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been take to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases ofp olychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly calleddioxinsfor simplicity, such asTCDD.Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example,hurricanesoften involve water contamination from sewage, andpetrochemicalspills from rupturedboatsorautomobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastaloil rigsorrefineriesare involved. Some sources of pollution, such asnuclear powerplants oroil tankers, can produce widespread and emergenceivenessly hazardous releases when accidents occur.In the case ofnoise pollutionthe dominant source class is themotor vehicle, producing about ninety share of all unwanted noise worldwide.EFFECTSHUMAN healthAdverseair qualitycan kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can causerespiratory disease,cardiovascular disease,throatinflammation, chest pain, andcongestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of insobriety waterby untreatedsewageindeveloping co untries. An estimated 700 millionIndianshave no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of unconstipated sickness every day.Nearly 500 million Chinese omit access to safe drinking water.656,000 people die prematurely each year inChinabecause of air pollution. InIndia, air pollution is believed to cause 527,700 fatalities a year.Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the US could be over 50,000.Oil spills can cause throw togetherirritations andrashes. Noise pollution induceshearing loss,high blood pressure,stress, andsleep disturbance.hydrargyrumhas been linked todevelopmental deficitsin children andneurologicsymptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases generate by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. miteand otherheavy metalshave been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical andradioactivesubstances cancausecancerandas well asbirth d efects. environmentPollution has been found to be present widely in theenvironment. There are a number of effects of thisBiomagnificationdescribes situations where toxins (such asheavy metals) may pass throughtrophic levels, becoming exponentially more backbreaking in the process.Carbon dioxideemissions causeocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earths oceans as CO2becomes dissolved.The emission of babys room gasesleads toglobal warmingwhich affects ecosystems in many ways.Invasive speciescan out compete native species and reducebiodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native speciescompetitiveness.Nitrogen oxidesare aloof from the air by rain andfertiliseland which can change the species composition of ecosystems.Smogand haze can reduce the descend of sunlight received by plants to carry outphotosynthesisand leads to the production oftrop ospheric ozonewhich redress plants.Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This go forth affect otherorganismsin thefood web.Sulphur dioxideandnitrogen oxidescan causeacid rainwhich lowers thepH assess of soil.POLLUTION CONTROL Pollution control is a term used inenvironmental management. It government agency the control ofemissionsandeffluentsinto air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, go away degrade theenvironment. In the hierarchy of controls,pollution stopionandwaste minimizationare more desirable than pollution control.PRACTICESRECYCLING Recyclinginvolves processing usedmaterials(waste) into impudently products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduceenergyusage, reduce air pollution (fromincineration) and water pollution (fromlan dfilling) by reducing the need for conventional waste disposal, and lower glasshouse gasemissions as compared to virgin production.Recycling is a key circumstances of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the Reduce,Reuse, Recyclewaste hierarchy.Recyclable materials include many kinds of methamphetamine hydrochloride, piece,metal,plastic,textiles, andelectronics. Although similar in effect, thecompostingor other reuse ofbiodegradable waste such asfoodorgarden waste is not typically considered cycle.Materials to be recycled are either brought to a arrangement center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing.In a strict sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material-for example, used superpowerpaperwould be converted into new office paper, or usedfoamed polystyreneinto new polystyrene. However, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so recycling of many products or materials involves theirreusein producing distinct materials (e.g.,paperboard) instead. Another form of recycling is thesalvageof certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic value (e.g.,leadfromcar batteries, orgoldfromcomputercomponents), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse ofmercuryfrom various items). Critics dispute the net economic and environmental benefits of recycling over its be, and notify that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and suffer fromconfirmation bias. Specifically, critics argue that the costs and energy used in compendium and transportation detract from (and outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production process also that the jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a poor trade for the jobs disordered in logging, mining, and other industries associated with virgin production and that materials su ch as paper pulp can only be recycled a a couple of(prenominal) times before material degradation prevents upgrade recycling. Proponents of recycling dispute each of these claims, and the validity of arguments from both sides has led to enduring controversy.PROCESS OFRECYCLING compendiumA number of different systems have been implemented to collect recyclates from the command waste stream. These systems lie along the spectrum of trade-off surrounded by public convenience and government ease and expense. The trey main categories of collection are splay centres, buy-back centres and curbside collection.Drop-off centres require the waste producer to carry the recyclates to a underlying location, either an installed or mobile collection station or the reprocessing plant itself. They are the easiest type of collection to establish, but suffer from low and freakish throughput. Buy-back centres differ in that the cleaned recyclates are purchased, thus providing a clear fillip for use and creating a stable supply. The post-processed material can then be sold on, hopefully creating a profit. Unfortunately government subsidies are requisite to make buy-back centres a viable enterprise, as according to the United States landed estate Solid Wastes Management Association it costs on average US$50 to process a ton of material, which can only be resold for US$30.CURBSIDE COLLECTIONCurbside collection encompasses many subtly different systems, which differ mostly on where in the process the recyclates are sorted and cleaned. The main categories are combine waste collection, commingled usefuls and source separation.Awaste collection vehiclegenerally picks up the waste.At one end of the spectrum is merge waste collection, in which all recyclates are collected mixed in with the rest of the waste, and the desired material is then sorted out and cleaned at a central form facility. This results in a large amount of recyclable waste, paper especially, being too soiled to reprocess, but has advantages as well the city need not pay for a skylark collection of recyclates and no public education is needed. Any changes to which materials are recyclable is easy to accommodate as all form happens in a central location.In a Commingled orsingle-stream system, all recyclables for collection are mixed but kept separate from other waste. This greatly reduces the need for post-collection cleaning but does requirepublic educationon what materials are recyclable. stem separation is the other extreme, where each material is cleaned and sorted precedent to collection. This method requires the least post-collection sorting and produces the purest recyclates, but incurs additionaloperating costsfor collection of each separate material. An extensive public education computer programme is also required, which must be successful if recyclate contamination is to be avoided.Source separation used to be the preferred method due to the high sorting costs incurred by commingled collection. Advances in sorting technology (seesortingbelow), however, have lowered this overhead substantially-many areas which had developed source separation programs have since switched to comingled collection.SortingOnce commingled recyclates are collected and delivered to acentral collection facility, the different types of materials must be sorted. This is do in a series of stages, many of which involve automated processes such that a truck-load of material can be fully sorted in less than an hour.Some plants can now sort the materials automatically, known assingle-stream recycling. A 30 percent join on in recycling rates has been seen in the areas where these plants exist.Initially, the commingled recyclates are removed from the collection vehicle and placed on a conveyor smash spread out in a single layer. Large pieces of fold up fiberboardandplastic bagsare removed by hand at this stage, as they can cause later machinery to jam.Next, automated machinery sepa rates the recyclates by weight, separate lighter paper and plastic from heavier glass and metal. Cardboard is removed from the mixed paper, and the most common types of plastic,PET(1) andHDPE(2), are collected. This separation is usually done by hand, but has become automated in some sorting centers aspectroscopicscanner is used to differentiate between different types of paper and plastic based on the absorbed wavelengths, and subsequently divert each material into the proper collection channel.4Strong magnets are used to separate outferrous metals, such asiron,steel, andtin-plated steel cans(tin cans).Non-ferrous metalsare ejected bymagnetic eddy actualsin which a rotatingmagnetic sectorinducesan electric current around the aluminium cans, which in turn creates a magnetic eddy current inside the cans. This magnetic eddy current is repulsed by a large magnetic field, and the cans are ejected from the rest of the recyclate stream.4Finally, glass must be sorted by hand based on it s color brown, amber, green or clear.GREEN HOUSE GASES AND GLOBAL typeCarbon dioxide, while vital forphotosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earths climate. Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air. Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospherical carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical emergences in the acidity of ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems.Global warmingis the increase in theaverage temperatureofEarths near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its project continuation. According to the 2007Fourth Assessment Reportby theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), global surface temperature increase 0.740.18C(1.330.32F) during the 20th century. Global dimming, a resu lt of increasing concentrations of atmosphericaerosolsthat block sunlight from reaching the surface, has partially countered the effects of warming induced by greenhouse gases.Climate modelprojections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the globalsurface temperatureis likely to rise a further1.1 to 6.4C(2.0 to 11.5F)during the 21st century.The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing aesthesia to greenhouse gas concentrationsand the use of differingestimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. An increase in global temperature will causesea levels to riseand will change the amount and pattern ofprecipitation, probably including expansion ofsubtropicaldeserts. change is expected to bestrongest in the Arcticand would be associated with continuingretreat of glaciers,permafrostandsea ice. Other likely effects include changes in the frequency and zeal ofextreme weatherevents,species extinctions, and changes inagricultural yields. Warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe, though the nature of these regional variations is uncertain.As a result of contemporary increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, the oceans have becomemore acidic a result that is predicted to continue.Thescientific consensusis thatanthropogenicglobal warming is occurring.Nevertheless,politicalandpublic debatecontinues. TheKyoto protocolis aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration to prevent a dangerous anthropogenic interference.As of November 2009,187 states had signed and ratifiedthe protocol.Thegreenhouse effectis the process by whichabsorptionandemissionofinfraredradiation by gases in theatmospherewarm aplanets lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed byJoseph Fourierin 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively bySvante Arrheniusin 1896.The question in legal injury of global warming is how the strength of the presumed greenhouse effect changes when human activity increases the concentratio ns of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33C (59F).The major greenhouse gases arewater vapor, which causes about 36-70 percent of the greenhouse effectcarbon dioxide(CO2), which causes 9-26 percentmethane(CH4), which causes 4-9 percent andozone(O3), which causes 3-7 percent.Clouds also affect the radiation balance, but they are composed of liquid water or ice and so havedifferent effects on radiationfrom water vapor.Human activity since theIndustrial Revolutionhas increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increasedradiative forcingfrom CO2,methane, troposphericozone,CFCsandnitrous oxide. Theconcentrationsof CO2and methane have increased by 36% and 148% separately since 1750.These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted fromice cores.Less direct geologic evidence indicates that CO2values higher than this were last seen about 20 million years ago.41Fossil fuelelectrocution has produced about three-quarters of the increase in CO2from human activity over the past 20 years. Most of the rest is due to land-use change, particularlydeforestation.Over the last three decades of the 20th century,GDPper capitaandpopulation growthwere the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.CO2emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.Emissions scenarios, estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases, have been projected that depend upon uncertain economic,sociological,technological, and natural developments.In most scenarios, emissions continue to rise over the century, while in a few, emissions are reduced.These emission scenarios, have with carbon cycle modelling, have been used to produce estimates of how atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will change in the future. Using the six IPCCSRESmarker scenarios, models suggest that by the year 2100, the atmospheric concentration of CO2could range between 541 and 970 ppm.This is an increase of 90-250% above the concentration in the year 1750. Fossil fuel reserves are sufficient to reach these levels and continue emissions past 2100 ifcoal, sea dog sandsormethane clathratesare extensively exploited.The destruction ofstratosphericozone bychlorofluorocarbonsis sometimes mentioned in relation to global warming. Although there are a fewareas of linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong. Reduction of stratospheric ozone has a engine cooling system influence.Substantial ozone depletion did not occur until the late 1970s.Ozone in the troposphere(the lowest part of theEarthHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_EarthHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earths atmosphere) does contribute to surface warming.8 most polluted cities in India Sukinda, Orissa subprogram of people affected2,600,000Type of pollutant Hexavalent chromium and other metalsSource of pollutionChromite mines and processingHexavalent chromium is a nasty heavy metal used for stainless steel production and leather tanning that is carcinogenic if inhaled or ingested.In Sukinda, which contains one of the largest open cast chromite ore mines in the world, 60% of the drinking water contains hexavalent chromium at levels more than double international standards. An Indian health group estimated that 84.75% of deaths in the mining areas where regulations are nonexistent are due to chromite-related diseases. There has been virtually no attempt to clean up the contamination.Sukinda has been listed in the Top 10 most polluted places in the world by the US-based Blacksmith Institute.Labourers work at a road construction site near VapiVapi, Gujarat phone number of people potentially affected71,000Type of pollutantChemicals and heavy metalsSource of pollutionIndustrial estatesIf Indias environment is on the whole healthy than its giant neighbor Chinas, thats because India is developing much more slowly. But thats changing, outset in towns like Vapi, which sits at the southern end of a 400-km-long whack of industrial estates. For the citizens of Vapi, the cost of growth has been severe levels of mercury in the citys groundwater are reportedly 96 times higher than WHO safety levels, and heavy metals are present in the air and the local produce. Its just a disaster, says Fuller.Vapi has been listed in the Top 10 most polluted places in the world by the US-based Blacksmith Institute.Mandi Gobindgarh, PunjabNumber of people affected155,416Type of pollutantHigh dust and deal particulateSource of pollutionIndustrial unitsGobindgarh in Punjab, also known as Loha mandi, recorded suspended particulate matter (microscopic particles in the air such as dust and smoke) level of 252 micrograms per cubic metre in 2007, 320 percent higher than the national standard level of 60 micrograms. cognize for its iron and steel fac tories, it is one of the most polluted city in the country. The population in Gobindgarh shows a higher prevalence of symptoms of angina and cardiovascular disease.A ragpicker rows boat in polluted Gomti river in LucknowLucknow, UPNumber of people affected30 lakhType of pollutantHigh dust and smoke particulateSource of pollutionIndustrial units, vehiclesVehicular emissions are the main cause of air pollution in Lucknow. In late(a) years there has been a rapid rise in vehicular