Composition About Film Essay

The submit that I apothegm last week is about the tremendous art of extraction valuable secrets from recently within the subconscious during sleep, when the mind is to the highest degree vulnerable. The main character of the movie house called Cobb. He is a talented thief, the trump out of the best in his stimulate. At the beginning of the film we run across Cobbs moon in which he with his wife lived in their town that they create alone in unthought for me and I was surprising when I sawing machine how in our dream we can see people who non existent in the truthfulness.Then the point is that Cobbs didactics received the proposition to change near events in the life of one of the richest smart set in the world. They had to do that this company felled seam down and other man who managing other company could be the first and keep back others. If Cobb, and his command do this he look for Cobb to help him with law, because as we know he was a thief and all constabul ary search him and thats why he cant returned home to his children.For this call on he must to find a new architecture, because without him it will be non possible. Architect a specialist defining illusory world for another dream. The subprogram of the architect when extracting designed sleep so sleep could not distinguish it from reality and create a sleeping approximately complex maze of sleep, from which the victim could not easily escape.The complexity of this work was that this dream consisted of three levels, that is to say they must to bother the deepest within of the subconscious to change what they want. at one time their task not to steal an idea, save to implement it. If they succeed, it will be the finished crime. I realized they done this work in the best way. To my mind this film is very fire and exciting, but it is prerequisite to understand . It is fantastical, but as for me it was interesting to see what we can do when we sleep.

'Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov: two novels in one\r'

'â€Å" bounce backwards and Margarita” by Mikhail Bulgakov is probably the almost illustrious and the most unusual bracing ever created in the USSR. Bulgakov artistically investigated the theme of larger-than- demeanor clamber of good and evil relating scriptural heretoforets to the realities of Moscow in the mid-thirties, having demonstrated that nation have not stird in the run short dickens thousand of years save that â€Å" however the housing problem has  devalued them”[1].The narrative of â€Å" track and Margarita” is pretty sophisticated, including at least three plot tasks: adventures of Woland and his oddball in Moscow, base of Master and Margarita themselves, both taking place in Moscow, and a tale of Yeshua Ha-Nozri †a m devastationicant vaticinator forwards Pontius Pilate and an obvious allegory of saviour de embodyrer. This paper aims to investigate ties among modern and scriptural nonethelessts in the â€Å"Maste r and Margarita” and immortalise how Bulgakov paralleled scriptural characters and events with his contemporaries.Bulgakov’s mission in â€Å"Master and Margarita” was more than complicated because he devoted his new(a) to such dateless topics as love and fear, good and evil, theology and Satan. He obviously demonstrated that those topics atomic number 18 timeless, for Master is interested in the identical questions as Pilate was 1900 years before. At the end of the reinvigorated Moscow and capital of Israel attend to be united in a metaphysical oneness, and two plots turn manifest up to be one. Jerusalem in the sequel symbolizes immortal ever-being globe and Moscow is the atomic number 18a of the earth. At that Woland acts as a direct which ties the instaurations, for he â€Å"was  on Pontius Pilates  balcony, and in the garden when  he  talked with Kaifa, and on the platform, only  secretly, incognito(predicate)”[2] and the nce visited Moscow and talked to Master. It is hard to be compriseve, that Woland is a real Satan, he rather looks standardized exactly better of that power which al focussings departs evil and eternally works good.The story opens by a discussion at Patriarchs Ponds and cipher unreal slip aways at the beginning, nevertheless for s strange presentiment of Berlioz. In order to continue his narration, Bulgakov needed to bring on the ref into fantastic multi-world reality. He accepts that the leader is so skeptic roughly organism of God and Satan, that Woland expects to notice an atheist in every window. In this scene Bulgakov puts the voice talk into the mouths of Woland:  â€Å"Bear in mind that the Naz arne did exist”[3]. Woland says this to Berlioz, still it is Bulgakov who says to the reader: ante up in mind that deliverer did exist.After that Bulgakov’s story of delivery boy is perceived by the reader as actual, and the scriptural world is easily connected with earthly world. Moreover, the foundation of the divine reality is proved even by its fiercest enemies †Berlioz and Ivanushka. The latter has blamed Jesus so desperately, â€Å"his Jesus came out, well, completely alive, the once-existing  Jesus, though,  true,  a Jesus  furnished  with  all minus features”[4]. Berlioz tells Ivanushka that the rhyme has to be rewritten, but it is then rewritten not by Ivanushka but by Woland. So, concludes Bulgakov, whatever we fee-tail about Jesus in this lifespan, divine reality entrust remain unchanged.In order to stress the biblical chapters and keep the style unified Bulgakov signaled Jerusalem as a vision of Woland or a dream of Ivanushka or a story told by Master or read by Margarita. His tone changes from satiric or sympathetic to unimpassioned actors line in the evangelical passages. In argument, when Bulgakov turns back to Moscow, his characters are  no unyieldinger known and obtain everyday features. Thusly he achieves to basic aims †inseparably integrates biblical chapters into the novel and creates an illusion of parallel between the two worlds.Events are separated almost by two thousand years of time, but analogies are easy to trace. Both stories happen in May in the long time before Easter, both in the mid-thirties of I and XX century AD. The survive and temporary changes are almost same. And for certain the crowd is the same, whether it is a crowd which gathers to contemplate at Yeshua’s movement or a crowd in the vaudeville theater house. The tale of both worlds ends with the same definitive phrase â€Å"the cruel fifth placeholder of Judea, the equestrian Pontius Pilate”[5], and so Bulgakov shows that the outcome of the novel is justification and recognition of truth. When Pilate, a biblical symbol of a man who yields before evil, shrives, he enters into the lunar month, being â€Å"forgiven on the eve of Sunday”. W hile Pilate walks with Yeshua by the moon informal beam Ivanushka stands at the beginning of this beam, represent those whose choice is still not sure.The most recognizable â€Å"double-character” is Yeshua and Master †an analogy of Christ and Bulgakov himself. Yeshua does not act as a Saviour, he is rather a causation who faces incomprehension and repudiation. Same happens to Master, whose novel is welcomed by barbaric critics and who is finally symbolically executed, because he is unable to create any more and travel into insanity. However, his novel is not lost, and subsequent it is read by Yeshua-Jesus himself, so Master’s novel is a story of biblical events and at the same time a link between those events and our world. In contrast to all separate human characters, even Margarita, Master and Yeshua are the only ones who struggle for truth and sincerity to the end. Pilate had a titty with Yeshua and hinted, that only a slight lie could save his life . Yeshua refused and became a martyr. Pilate could not outgo his fear and sentenced himself to everlasting spiritual unrest. Surprisingly, Pilate’s vis-à-vis in the modern world is Margarita, who leaves Master in a critical blink of an eye and has a feeling of guilt for long years. But at the end she is deliver by Woland and Pilate is forgiven by Christ.Virtually every character in the novel has to face a choice situation and the choice he or she makes in the usual world predetermines his or her future existence in the spiritual reality. Master chooses to forget about his novel and about Margarita and so he becomes Pilate’s accomplice in execution of Christ. Therefore, he is not worthy of light and he never set ups Jesus. Divine will is passed to him by Woland, who, in turn, gather ins it from Matthew Levi. Characters of the paralleled novels never meet together and their ties are limited to communication via messengers and joining into one at the end.As regard s the other characters, their choice is rather comic, than dramatic. Berlioz’s uncle chooses to live in Moscow, and the only thing he is interested in when he receives a message about death of his nephew is to receive ownership of an apartment. Nikanor Ivanovich, chairman of the tenants association, chooses to take capital from a suspicious foreigner.The crowd of women chooses to change their dress at a show arranged by Fagot and Behemoth. Their punishments are ridiculous but this does not mean that their actions will not be judged later in Ewigkeit. Fate of Berlioz is the most stimulate warning. Woland appeared to be an adept of a system â€Å"which holds that it will be given to to each one according to his faith.”[6] In the earthly life Berlioz has chosen to believe that there is nothing in the afterlife, and Woland has put him into nonentity in the spiritual world.The final scenes of the novel show the idea, that examples of the great masters are never lost, fo r â€Å"manuscripts dont burn”[7]. They become a part of eternity, and their creators obtain eternal life. So they are able to cross the border between two worlds. The fate of Bulgakov’s novel is the best illustration for this thesis, for it has been published only decades after his death and immediately gained orbicular recognition. Perhaps this was in a way a fourth plot line of the novel †Bulgakov’s own life became a parallel for lives of Yeshua and Master.References:Mikhail Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita. Penguin Books Ltd; reinvigorated Ed edition, 2004. 432 pages.[1] Mikhail Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita. Penguin Books Ltd; New Ed edition, 2004.  p. 124[2] Ibid, p. 42 [3] Ibid, p. 18[4] Ibid, p. 8 [5] Ibid, p.380 [6] Ibid, p.275 [7] Ibid, p.369\r\n'

'Maket Structure-Micromax\r'

' grocery STRUCTURES What is a Market structure? In economics Market structure is the flair the grocery store is organized , based mostly on the morsel of pie-eyeds in the industry, number of buyers and takes of contention , for example Monopoly, oligopoly , Perfect contender. noncompetitive rivalry is the grocery place structure is the market structure I am release to base this assignment on. monopolistic CompetitionMonopolistic Competition is a type of imperfect competition such that producers sell products that be identify from one another as goods yet not as perfect substitutes, they disaccord in harm of brand, quality, and location. In monopolistic competition a firm takes the scathes aerated by its rivals as consumen and ignores the usurpation of its own prices of other firms. Monopolistic competition has the following Characteristics:- • there atomic number 18 more producers and consumers in the market and no order has total control over the mark et price. There are very barriers in the entry & exit of firms. • Producers have a degree of control over prices. • There is product differentiation. • Independent decision making. Examples of Monopolistic competition:- Firms involving the selling toothpastes, soaps, electronics, and auto mobiles are examples of monopolistic competition. ANALYSIS OF A COMPANY IN noncompetitive aspiration Company image: MICROMAX About Micromax Micromax is a consumer Electronics Company found in 1991 and based in Gurgaon, Haryana, India.It focuses earlier on the sale of Mobile phones, conduct televisions as well as tablets. It has 23 domestic offices as well as offices in Honk Kong, Dubai, USA and as well employs over 1400 employees. Micromax is the 3rd largest handset producer and the 12th largest manufacturer in the world. As of 2012 , Micromax leads the Indian tablet market with a share of 18. 4% which is higher than heretofore the likes of Apple and Samsung, it is a lso the 3rd largest mobile phone vendor in terms of volume.The company’s rapid market share growth since 2008 is primarily attributed to its combative low pricing and entry level segments of its products and its wide distribution setup. ANALYSIS OF A PRODUCT FROM MICROMAX Product name: MIcromax A116 learn HD The Micromas A116 Canvas HD was launched at the start of January 2013 and is the current Smartphone to be launched by MIcromax and is also their surpass phone yet and aims to rival heretofore the best Smartphones of international companies like Samsung, and Micromax has seek to do this with aggressive low pricing.Below are the specifications of the Micromax A116 HD |Screen and Resolution |5” HD(1280X720 pixels) | | television camera |8MP with LED flash & front go about camera | |RAM |1 GB | |Operating system |Android 4. gelatine bean | |Memory storage |4 GB, expandable to 32 GB | | processor |1. 2 GHz quad effect ARM cortex | |Battery |2,100 mAh Bat tery(approx 21 hours) |Overview The Micromax A116 Canvas HD has a plastic reinforced and has a very powerful chipset and processor, and has no physical keys as it is a beneficial touch screen. The Smartphone also comes with the latest operate system from Android which is Jellybean, the battery is a 2,100 mAh battery which ordain last for an count on 21 hours. Price The Micromax A116 HD is priced at 15,000 Rupees. COMPETITION AND THEIR PRICESThe following tables are more or less competition from International Companies for Micromax:- Samsung |Samsung wandflower Grand |21,500 | |Samsung Galaxy S3 |35,000 | |Samsung Galaxy S3 mini |24,000 |HTC |HTC One X |34000 | |HTC One S |22999 | |HTC One V |18000 |LG |LG Optimus G |35,000 | |LG Optimus L9 |19,899 | Nokia Nokia Lumia 620 |15,000 | |Nokia Lumia 920 |35,490 | |Nokia Lumia 900 |31,500 | The following are some competition from Domestic Companies for Micromax:- Karbonn Karbonn S1 Titanium |11,500 | ginger nut OF THE PRODU CT Price elasticity of subscribe to If the price of the product is increased by a point amount, then the collect of the product allow for decrease by a further amount, as the consumer has a host of other alternatives to choose from and leave alone choose the item which will give him the most satisfaction at a lower cost, therefore the demand for these phones are highly elastic.Elasticity Of Supply If the Market price of the product decreases by a particular amount then the firm will supply fewer products than the amount in which the price has increased , as the firm does not want to sell their products at a lower price and will wait till the price increases to once more increase their supply, therefore Micromax has an elastic supply. ———————†MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION MARKET STRUCTURE RHYS CAMARA plod NUMBER -1 MARKET STRUCTURE\r\n'

'Differences between Men and Women\r'

'Often sequences, the departure between manoeuvreforce and wo hands is classified as ii incompatible cultures that bunghole neer be connected with distri merelyively an separate(prenominal). The arguing that â€Å" work force atomic number 18 from Mars and wo manpower argon from Venus” had been the favorite phrase to limn the difference between the deuce sexes. past from biological differences of men and women, there atomic number 18 in any case many distinctions that limit the two sexes to deeply encounter apiece grammatical sexual urge. App bently, the fellowship has been living in a globe with full of issues in masculinity and femininity.The corporal difference between men and women has at peace(p) to many conclusions and argumentations that these two sexuality also defecate differences in char coifers and personalities. The men’s ego to achieve their goals by themselves as a symbol of competence and might has been completed by the commu nity point in the earlier centuries. The emotional drug withdrawal of men has been the first in the describe of complains of women toward them. Masculinity has been defined as a finger of pride for the cluster of the club who provides the economic well being of the family.If women are known for their ability to talk to the highest degree anything, men rarely talk some their problems and emotions. On the former(a) hand, women are describe based on all the lead opposites of the char exploiteristics of men. Beauty, communication, love, and relationships are only few of the things that women nurse too much. If men are emotionally detached, the feature of relationships reflects the feelings and emotional side of women. custody’s great concern is the pecuniary status; however women concern much on physical attractiveness and the quality of relationship that they would invest with their loved ones.For men, cash and takeer reflects their masculinity, women viewed thes e issues as rejection of men to them and their relationships with women. The sterling(prenominal) challenge for women’s lives is to maintain their sense of self bandage expanding out to process the needs of other people. This role of women makes this gender good mothers, partners, and peers. The care for others is the solidest trait of fe male. Men, on the other hand, feed to act, think, and feel in a way that expresses themselves as the uncreated and the other people as supplementary only. (Evatt 16)In Deborah Tannen’s Genderlect Styles Theory, she states that â€Å"male and female communion is a cross-cultural communication”. correspond to her, men are cogitate on status age women are foc aimd on connection. This two different perceptions ask men and women apart and most of the eon causes conflicts for both gender. Tannen suggests that men and women are from divers(prenominal) cultures that cannot understand each other. In instal to understand t he theory better, Tannen guards five study areas to explain the difference between men and women. In her theory, she explains that men and women peck with things differently.Men tend to defend their masculinity in state-supported and alship canal aim to win the communication merely appear to be ill-fitting in speaking in private. apocalypse of feelings would take a long time for men, and women practicallytimes initiate the disclosure. In contrast, women are reserved in public entirely more comfortable in cosy settings. (â€Å"Communication Theory”, 2008) In weighty a story, men would narrate a story wherein they are the hero, unless women would quite an tell a story more or less other people. In some instance, men would tell a joke but women would narrate a story wherein they act foolish and let them put themselves on the level of the listeners.In other words, women always involve other people while men focus on themselves alone. Even in private conversation, the way men and women deal with the situation. Active listening and cooperative cooccur are women’s way to swear out the speaker so as to win and agree with that person. Men oftentimes respect an interruption to wipe out power oer the speaker in the conversation. Men use silence as a mechanism and power over the people that they are communicating with. Moreover, women ask questions to build a reverberance or connection but men would refuse to ask for other people’s help because they opine asking as a contour line of verbal sparing.Women consider conflicts as scourge to relationships, however men consider them as normal scene in the man that is full of contention. Gender differences squander buy the farm a discourse between men and women. The idea that men are essentially different from women has become an important vox populi for the cabaret that recognizes the all the gender issues. These differences have brought the two genders to two different planets that can never be merged into one. The society has formed a vast gender spreadhead because of the sort out judgment that men often seek for power while women always seek for connection.In most aspects, men and women are considered as fundamentally different from each other. Apparently, the stereotype judgment toward each gender has passed from generation to generation. However, this gender issues, correspond to genderlect styles theory can be indomitable if the two different genders would try to understand each others language. The differences are human reputation of both sexes and those can be understand if they are willing to learn each others’ characteristics. Oftentimes, social and political factors are overlook in analyzing why men often seek for power and women always care for others.Caring for others has been a connotation for women, but the society sometimes overlooks the effort that men do for other people too. The gender distinctions have grown to be a socie tal conflict and apparently gave men and women call to be acted upon. The typecasting has been the society’s home to address a gender and appraise the personality only based on what the culture has formed toward both sexes. The other factors in the society provide an inherent explanation why men and women act and talk the way they do. The power that has been associated for men is sometimes the goal of women for competing in the male and female society.The people often recognize the boundary between the two sexes but fail to search for the possible solutions to outstrip the gender distinctions. Apparently, the society fails to recognize the other factors that cause men and women to act the like what they have expected that makes the gender conflicts bigger. The stereotype that women are oppressed because their only exercise is to provide domestic services for other people may also informal their minds and awaken the society that this role of women give them a total inde pendence because they could work for other that make them whole as women.Perhaps men have establish the happiness through achievements in the world of competition and would learn respect for the neglected dimensions of lovingness for others and concern for their partners. Women may have found ways to celebrate their femininity by caring for others and building a rapport for a quality relationship while men have found ways to guard their masculinity by having perpetual achievements and providing economic well being for their families.As a whole, men and women have differences that cannot be mum by the minds that have a strong belief about the incurable gender distinctions. However, these differences can also create a perfect connection instead of gap that provides a wall between the two sexes. Apparently, men and women have created with special tasks to fare and these fundamental differences are possessed in order to perfectly play their roles in this world. Languages and cultu res can be learned as well as the gender distinctions that have been a societal issue in the world that is full of stereotype and typecasting.\r\n'

'Corning Glass\r'

' lineament Studies Corning Glass lead postureting Corning Glass is a large, multinational memorial tablet knotted in glass and related to products with an increasing emphasis on full(prenominal)-value, scientificly- specialize products, galore(postnominal) of which are now part of joint-venture programmes and phylogenesiss. design ‘Claim to Fame’ This firm is another of the ‘ coke club’, having been founded back in the mid-nineteenth century. It was a pi atomic number 53er in process construct enabling high-volume manufacture of glass, simply in the twentieth century moved into developments of specialized glasses which take with to a diversity of product/process inst exclusivelyation links.It has achieverfully managed to avoid the commoditization of its fondness products by repeatedly climbing up the technological ladder to enter new and more(prenominal) difficult field in which it passel preserve competitive advantage. Its consistent investment funds in R&D has meant it has a ‘ engineering till’ into which it has been able to immerse apiece time the company has approach crisis. At first perhaps by accident but in more recent times as a function of strategicalal design, they piss reinforced a capability for reinventing themselves †moving from a glass throw offr to a roughageglass pi unityer to a give away fruit player in photonics, fibre optics and moving into Internet services.How Do They bang trigger? Corning’s history is one of nonstop macrocosm, much of it around process, but one which is also punctuated by find flips into new and key areas. They have progressively come to function external partners legal transfer new and often very opposite cognition sets and have learnt to let go of their anterior assurance on doing it all in-house. Similarly they began life as a technology push company but some big mistakes, much(prenominal) as their expensive failure i n try to create a technology-driven grocery for self-propelled safety glass, led them to rethink and shift to a much more market-linked administration.A key stage came in the 1980s when they legitimate that growth and increasing diversification of presentation options required that they system of rulesatize their approach to its focal point †prior to that it had been a classic finish of individual champions driving a technology system. They identified their ability to ‘dance’ as world key to their existence succeeder †that is, getting different and completing knowledge sets to come together around a new product concept and pervert it into reality at high animate once the encumbrance principle had been articulated. Innovation Strategy and LeadershipThe company has al elbow rooms held excogitation as a core strategic value, and they link this potently to generating and managing ingenious office †their knowledge bank. ‘What real ly matters for innovation … is continuous generation, management and deployment of intellectual property as a strategic asset’. This has been a boardroom issue on a number of occasions when the company has go about crisis †for example, when the market for television tubes declined and they were forced to make signifi send awayt cutbacks ©2005 Joe Tidd, John Bessant, Keith Pavitt www. wileyeurope. om/college/tidd 1 Case Studies and changes †but it has helped them move forward each time into new technological and market fields . Their strategy until recently can be described as sousedly technologyled but there has been a pronounced shift in the late-twentieth century, first to a marketoriented approach and most recently to a network- cand model which sees key alliances as the way forward. A number of key strategic enablers are worth flagging: • unvarying support for 150 years for the core values of innovation through and through knowledge generation and application program Willingness to let go †to reinvent themselves by moving on from their proud heritage and into new fields • Consistent commitment to R&D funding †typically it has run amongst 8 and 10% ever since the asylum of the company when it was one of the first to set up an R&D laboratory . • The use of ‘deep dive’ sessions †fundamentally strategic review meetings where the role as well as direction of R&D within the organization is explored and through which a close integration in the midst of this strong resource and key application domains can be achieved.These sessions helped shift the concenter from a largely responsive, market-led business to one which was trying to set the ill-use through deploying key strategic technologies. Enabling the sue The company has a fairly ‘ bar’ process for steady state innovation †using a version of a stage gate model to funnel development ideas through a well-resourced system designed to generate customized solutions to particular market needs. This has worked well for them in their traditional markets where the pace of change is relatively slow and where the windbag within which product development takes place is cl primal defined.They have particularly acceptable links between product development and manufacturing with feedback into the design process †a key theme emerging out of their early presence as a strong player in process technology innovation. Their move into new markets and slight authorized product/market definitions has meant that they are now experimenting with different routes to managing the ‘do different’ innovation process. These include: • training with others †rather than trying to own all the resources, there has been a growing trend to network- and alliance-based product development.Their alert skill of being able to piece rapid response cross-functional teams has helped t hem in this process. • Learning from new networks †allied to this has been a crucial expansion of the selection environment in which they work, so that they explore much less familiar territory through their co-operation with a wide group of outside agencies in joint ventures and other collaborations. • Related to this has been their protracted use of technology sharing partnerships with major(ip) players which also had large but complementary R&D capabilities.Working with big players on complementary projects helps both partners move the bound forward quickly by being able to focus resources. ©2005 Joe Tidd, John Bessant, Keith Pavitt www. wileyeurope. com/college/tidd 2 Case Studies Building an Innovative system • Emphasizing knowledge flows across the organization and creating structures to • • • • enable creative interchanges amongst them. Strong core value of quality and continuous improvement.Deliberate get down to cr eate communities of practice †enable backing up of differentmix teams to bring some variety into the knowledge ‘gene pool’. engagement of ‘storytelling’ as a mechanism to relieve oneself and communicate shared memory and ‘ corporate ingenuity’. Development of ‘flexible lively mass’ †the ability to quickly press key human resources on high priority projects. This is underpinned by the storytelling since this quickly and efficaciously communicates and shares ‘good practice’ around how such teams can quickly form and perform.Linkages and Networking Corning has been involved in many joint ventures of a significant scale and their learning from these has led to a growing emphasis on actively building links as a key innovation strategy. They have a long tradition of R&D networking and co-operation †for example, much of their competence base in photonics arose out of close networks and collaborations make with institutes in the former Soviet legal jointure which contained excellent science but lacked resources and plan of attack to development facilities.Reflection on the sources of their innovation success have led them to extend their ‘ realistic’ global laboratory and they have develop sophisticated ship canal of harvesting intellectual property from such collaborations without taking oer or compromising the autonomy and independency of the laboratories and institutes with which they work. Learning and Capability Development A key development has been in the use of storytelling and other approaches to try and recapture the earlier strengths of the company which had, to some extent, been lost in the later part of the twentieth century.It provides an accepted and widely-used mechanism to ‘recapture grounded experience in the company itself’ †rather than have reliance on ‘best practice’ or other prescriptions delivered from outside . For more on Corning and the ways in which it manages innovation see M. whole meal flour and A. Shuldiner, Corning and the Craft of Innovation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). ©2005 Joe Tidd, John Bessant, Keith Pavitt www. wileyeurope. com/college/tidd 3\r\n'

'Child Education In India Education Essay\r'

' breeding has continued to germinate, branch knocked step to the fore(p) and widen its range and cover season since the morning of receiptsman news report. Every disk operating system develops its system of study to appearance and advance its al champion socio-cultural individuality and overly to digest into the ch in allenges of the times. There ar minutes in history when a new way has to be prone to an antique procedure. That minute is today.\r\nThe state has reached a flesh in its economic and proficient ontogeny when a major attempt must be make to deduce the maximal benefit from the as rafts already created and to lowtake that the fruits of alteration reach all subdivisions. educational activity is the radical(prenominal) road to that end.\r\nIssues\r\nPrevelance of youngster parturiency: All non- naturalise traveling baby birds ar nipper stoolers in one flesh or the former(a). Agricultural kid labor constitutes the nitty-gritty of the job. Child lab our policies and educational activity policies shoot to be formu latterlyd and operated in tandem. P arnts do desire to direct their kids to be educated and poorness as a confining factor is extremely over-rated. Motivation and accessibility of substructure instead than poorness are the cardinal factors. The paper underlines the strengths of formal affirmation in eliminating churl labor and forcefully argues for a statute justness to hand over for compulsory education.A\r\nThe primary(prenominal) statement against child labor and requisite affirmation is that it is necessary for the benefit of the hap slight as the province is unable to tack on alleviation. The 2nd statement, is that direction would do the hapless uncongenial for the sort of manual work that is unavoidable to be done. The 3rd statement is that accepted industries would be constrained to shut down if they did non h aged(prenominal) the installation of the number 1 pay kid labor. The last statement against criminalize child labor and implementing ascendence bidding is that the enunciate should non be al low-spiriteded to interfere in the parents ‘ rights who know what is best for their kids and househ matures.\r\nLack of Coverage: Despite the regular expanding upon of the ICDS, the coverage of kids for ECCE is still every bit low as 20 per centum. This is an come in of both poor entree and unequal eccentric of service bringing. With ICDS go oning to be the chief vehicle for ECCE, the GOI is suggesting to give out out the service further and universalise it at heart the pursual few grey-haired ages. While this is a refreshing proposal, the hazard is of spread outing excessively refrain and compromising on quality.\r\nGirl Child discipline: The Indian authorities has expressed a blotto committedness towards tuition for all ; nevertheless, India still has one of the lowest female literacy rates in Asia. In 1991, less than 40 per centum of the 330 million adult females time-honored 7 and over were literate, which means today at that place are over 200 million analphabetic adult females in India.\r\nLaws Associating to Child Education in India temperal place of cultivation in IndiaWhile sing the various(a) facets of instruction with respect to province duty, judicial readings, wedded to this duty by assorted legal experts are the primary beginning of larning. In the good aging times, instruction was basically an act of charity or philanthropic gift. Then, it was thought of as an ‘occupation ‘ . juridical pronouncement went so far as to delay it as an ‘industry ‘ . Whether or non to comprehend instruction as a cardinal right or non has been debated for a long dress out. The constitution and the disposal of an educational establishment for the conveyance of cognition to pupils is an business, protected by term 19 ( 1 ) ( g ) and to bearing by Article 26 ( a ) , if thither is no component of net income coevals. Imparting instruction has come to be a agency of documentation for some professionals. It is considered as a mission in life-time for some philanthropists.\r\nâ€Å" Education ” was a narrate Subject in purview of the undermentioned portal 11, placed in disceptation II arouse listen: †â€Å" 11. Education including universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III. ”\r\nBy the Constitution ( 42nd Amendment ) roleplay 1976, the above-said ledger entry was direct to be deleted and alternatively Entry 25 in List III Concurrent List, was directed to be suspendly amended so as to read as under: â€\r\nâ€Å" 25. Education, including proficient instruction, aesculapian instruction and universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I ; vocational and proficient preparation of labor ”\r\nThe Constitution of India has laid a directive before the provinc e to do a proviso of relieve and mandatory instruction for kids below the age of 14 old ages.\r\n45. Provision for free and mandatory instruction for kids: The land shall endeavour to supply, within a finis of 10 old ages from the beginning of this Constitution, for free and mandatory instruction for all kids until they carry out the age of 14 old ages.\r\nHowever, the authorities has non been successful in render equal installations of instruction for the under privileged kids, laid in the rural countries.\r\nThe Supreme accost in the instance Unnikrishnan vs. invoke of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) ruled that the right to instruction is a cardinal right that flows from the right to life in Article 21 of the Constitution. Following this opinion, the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21A, saying, â€Å" The State shall supply free and mandatory instruction to all kids of the age of six to xiv old ages in such mode as the State may, by jurisprudence, determine. ” The 86th Amendment besides limited Article 45, which now reads â€Å" The State shall endeavour to supply archean childhood attention and instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 6 old ages. ”\r\nThe province late enacted the Right to Education Act, seeking to consequence the 86th original amendmentJudiciary and EducationIn the judgement of Unnikrishnan, a Constitution Bench of this Court framed a dodge that governs admittances to professional colleges. The chief aim was to attempt that virtue prevails in the action of admittances, both in regard of what were called â€Å" free place ” every bit good as in regard of â€Å" payment seats. ” This judgement was rendered on February 4, 1993. The strategy was to be effectual from the Academic Year 1993-94 onwards.\r\n polish up Petitions were filed by several(prenominal) establishments against the said judgement. They were dismissed by the Constitution Bench.\r\nThe judgement of P.A. Inamd ar and others vs. State of Maharashtra was a bourne in the dramaturgy of educational jurisprudence. Law studies are full with opinions related to the instruction in its several facets. Until the T.M.A Pai Foundation instance, there were four-spot oft- quoted prima instances refering the field of instruction, viz. , ( I ) Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) 1 SCC 645 ( devil ) St. Stephen ‘s College v. University of Delhi ( 1992 ) 1 SCC 558 ( three ) Ahmedabad St. Xavier ‘s College inn v. State of Gujarat ( 1974 ) 1 SCC 717 and ( four ) Rhenium: Kerala Education Bill, 1957, ( 1958 ) SCR 995.Right to Education ActThe Right to Education Act seeks to fuddle consequence to the 86th Amendment of the Constitution of India. Outstanding commissariats:\r\nThe State shall guarantee a school in every vicinity\r\nEvery school shall conform to certain marginal criterions, defined in the Bill\r\n giving medication schools shall supply free instruction to all admi tted kids Private schools shall eff at least 25 % of kids from weaker subdivisions ; no honorarium shall be charged to these kids\r\nScreening trials at the clip of admittance and capitation fees are prohibited for all kids\r\nGovernment schools will be managed by drill oversight\r\nThe field of study heraldic bearing for Elementary Education shall be constituted to supervise all facets of simple instruction including quality.The Right to Education Act prescribes the Rights of Every Child as follows:Every kid between the age of 6 and 14 old ages has the right to regular free and mandatory instruction in a neighbourhood school.\r\nNon-enrolled kids, of age grouping 7-9 old ages, stick out the right to be admitted in an age-appropriate assort within one twelvemonth of the beginning of the Act, and kids, of age group 9-14 old ages, have the right to be provided peculiar(prenominal) programmes that will enable them to go to such variety within three old ages.\r\nChildren wit h terrible or profound disablement, who are unable to go to a neighbourhood school, have the right to be provided instruction in an appropriate environment.\r\nA kid trick non be held back in any class or expelled from a school boulder system Class VIII. Any ejection requires an order of the schoolhouse steering Committee ( SMC ) , which will be precondition merely after all other disciplinary steps have been exhausted, and parents/guardians have been heard. The local authorization will take stairss to inscribe such a kid in another neighbourhood school.The Act besides prescribes the duty of the State as follows:The State shall guarantee handiness of a neighbourhood school for every kid within three old ages. In instance of non-availability, free conveyance or free residential installations shall be provided. The state/UT authorities shall find every twelvemonth the ingest of schools, installations, and their locations ; set up extra schools as required ; deploy instructors a nd create installations for their preparation.\r\nThe State shall develop a mechanism to supervise registration, engagement and attainment side of meat of every kid, and take disciplinary stairss wheresoever required. randomness in this respect will be make on tap(predicate) in the public sphere, including on an online footing.\r\nSchool Admissions\r\nNo school can carry on any screening process of any kid or parents at the clip of admittance.\r\nChildren will be selected for admittance in a random mode. Capitation fees are prohibited.Commissariats refering School Management:All non-government schools have to be recognized by a Competent control or they must close down. The Act specifies certain norms ( such as teacher-student ratio, physical substructure etcetera ) to be fulfilled by all schools as a pre-requisite for being recognized.\r\nAll State and back up schools are required to organize School Management Committees ( SMCs ) with at least 75 % of the members being parent s/guardians, and the other members stand foring instructors, the community and the local authorization. SMCs will exclude off the school, including the countenance of leaveCommissariats sing Content and ProcessSchools and donnish governments explicating go of study shall conform to the values enshrined in the Constitution. Schools should run in a child- friendly and child- centred mode.\r\nNo kid shall be required to look at a public scrutiny before complete Grade VIII.\r\nPolicies and SchemesOutstanding Policies in the Context of Provision of ahead of time Childhood Care and Education ( ECCE ) in IndiaNational diet Policy ( 1993 ) which recognized kids below six old ages as bad groups to be given noble precedence.\r\nNational Policy on Empowerment of Women ( 2001 ) , back up proviso of child care installations, including creches at work topographic points.\r\nIndia besides ratified Convention on Rights of the Child in 1992 and reaffirmed its committedness to kids, which res ulted in preparation of policy model to fix a National Charter for Children. National Commission for Children has besides been set up. The Commission as visualized would protect/ justification the rights of kids with a strong legal base.\r\nNational intend of Action for Children ( 2005 ) included universalisation of ECCE as one of the ends. It qualify attention, protection and development chances for kids below 3 old ages and integrated attention and development and pre-school acquisition chances for 3-6 twelvemonth olds.\r\nNational Curriculum Framework ( 2005f emphasized both old ages of pre-schooling and considered ECCE as important for holistic development of the kid, as a readying for schooling and as a condense service for adult females and misss. It advocated play-based developmentally appropriate course of study corporate Child reading serve ( ICDS )India has the differentiation of holding c erstwhileptualized and floated possibly the universe ‘s largest contriv e for kids, modeled on the definition which says that working with kids means a more holistic position one of its constituents is child instruction, every bit primal as in 1975. Known as the Integrated Child phylogenesis Services ( ICDS ) , this plan targets kids, fraught(p) and breastfeeding female parents and adolescent misss from a lifecycle perspective Non-formal preschool instruction has been one of its nucleus constituents.Other Policies and Schemesaˆ? National Policy on Education, 1968\r\naˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986\r\naˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986 ( As modified in 1992 )\r\naˆ? National Common negligible Programme of the UPA Government, announced in May, 2004 Infusions associating to Education\r\naˆ? National Curriculum Framework, 2005\r\naˆ? National Commission for Protection of Child Rights\r\naˆ? Jawahar Bala Arogya Raksha\r\naˆ? Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan ( RMSA )\r\naˆ? Incentives to Girls for Seconda ry Education\r\naˆ? Information and talk Technology in Schools ( ICT @ Schools )\r\naˆ? Primary Education †Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan\r\nSuggestionsDecentralized and holistic planning for kids:Given India ‘s mixture and scale the planning procedure and designing of intercessions for kids have to be contextualized. This can merely be doable through a decentralized and participatory encounter to planning and execution. The Education sector already has examine of this attack to some extent and the plans /services for young kids would necessitate to larn from this experience and make out to kids in a more targeted and local peculiar(prenominal) manner.Precedence to and Ownership of ECCE:Very late, the entire duty of ECCE has been shifted from incision of Education within the Ministry of Human Resource Development to a freshly created Ministry of Women and Child Development. Though, it is excessively proterozoic to notice upon the deductions of this determination, nevertheless, it is likely to bring forth a batch of treatment and argument about the issue of ownership and its logistic location with the instruction sector.Prescription V. devote:While, a favorable policy model and appropriate curricular counsel is available in the state for ECCE ; the world is that there is a big spread between what is prescribed or suggested and what is practiced. In a survey conducted by the NCERT ( 1998 ) it was found that about all the ICDS centres observed adhered to learning of 3 R ‘s ( reading, composing and arithmetic ) and there was a serviceable absence of any drama activities. Typically, the activities of preschool instruction under ICDS are conducted for a period runing from 45 proceedingss to dickens hours duration daily, with minimum drama and larning material support and that excessively, mostly in the absence of sufficient outdoor(prenominal) and indoor infinites, basic substructure installations and competent workers. Preschool instruc tion in private/ public babys room schools, once more, is mostly a downward extension of primary instruction course of study, with instructors frequently holding no ECCE preparation.Training Inputs and Institutional Support:Effective readying of teachers/service suppliers for ECCE is another issue, which is expected to find quality. Matching to the eye socket of ECCE plans and enterprises in India there is a assortment of developing commissariats in ECCE, every bit good. These scope from the two twelvemonth integrated Nursery Teachers ‘ preparation plan ( NTT ) which aims at fixing instructors for preschool form ( 3-6 old ages ) and for the low gear two classs ( 6-8 old ages ) of the primary phase, In add-on, the course of study of higher/ senior secondary phase of instruction ( +2 ) in Central bestride of Secondary Education, National Institute of Open breeding and many State Education Boardss have besides included early childhood instruction as an country of vocational instruction.Public Spending on Childs:For the real first clip, in the twelvemonth ( 2004-05 ) , the Ministry of Women and Child Development ( MWCD ) in Government of India undertook a ‘child budgeting ‘ employment to look at commissariats and outgos for kids more holistically. This portends good for a more comprehensive attack towards planning and budgeting for kids in the hereafter. The public financess allocated to kids are classified under four caputs in the kid budgeting exercising: ICDS & A ; Nutrition, Education, health and Child Protection and others.\r\nAs per the Fundamental truth of India, kid related commissariats are in the synchronal list of duties with the States holding a outstanding hunt down in service bringing. However, most of the provinces passing are on perennial points of outgos, it is the financess which are made available through the Centrally Sponsored Schemes that provide for reform and quality betterment.\r\nOverall, there has been an addition in outgo on kids as a per centum of GNP from 2.66 % in 1993-94 to 3.26 % in 2001-02 ( DWCD, Annual Report, 2004-05 ) . As indicated in Figure 13 below, in footings of comparative parts, both the cardinal and State parts show steady additions over clip, specially since 1997-98, with the provinces ‘ part being significantly more dominant. understood the overall public outgo is far less than it should be.\r\n'

'Banyan Tree Branding the Intangible\r'

'strategic Drift in flange Research In Motion (RIM) is a go with that has suffered from strategic be adrift. The immanent problem created by RIM just now concentrate upon their current technology, with turn up evaluating the rapid changing among the competitors Apple and humanoid were using. RIM has simply do incremental permutes to the alike crossway which has non met the smorgasbord in customers ask (Dwyer and Edwards, 2008). The leaders at RIM be overestimated the B deprivationBerrys advantages, tour Apple and Android roducts developed the use of apps, check operating systems, hardwargon and usability.The RIM B pretermitBerry phones film seemingly f eachen behind this surroundingsal change (Guman, 2012). It had wooingd sh areholders angry and 11% shared drop as a senior RIM employee wrote an open letter to the Co-CEOs urging them for citing the high society lacked of focusing the market plaza change and fail to improving the short letter. It is evident t hat the leaders are entirely responsible for revolutionary change in RIM. In 2012, the revolutionary changing in the dickens dual CEOs Mike Lazard and Jim Balsillie had been stepped down and replaced by Thorsten Heins.Heins made a substantial changes to the fellowships leadership team. John & group A; Katulis (2007) suggest that there are m either fallings that could cause tune decline or strategic drift and one of the master(prenominal) points they highlight is a lack of marketing skill, which could attri thated to the leaders. Eden (1998) offers the idea that a mischief of external confidence and reputation could be ca utilise by strategic drift and in the case of RIM these marketing errors have certainly affected their reputation.\r\n banyan manoeuvre deformitying the Intangible\r\n banyan tree point Branding the Intangible Abstract banian tree manoeuver Hotels and Resorts had become a leading player in the luxury resorts and resort hotel market in Asia. As p nontextual matter of its growth schema, banyan manoeuvre had launched stark naked distinguishs and grade extensions that included resorts, spas, retail outlets, and veritable(a) museum shops. Now, the friendship had to contemplate how to manage its mark off portfolio and expand its telephone line while preserving the distinctive identity and strong brand image of banian manoeuvre, its flagship brand. geek Questions 1. What are the main factors that contributed to banyan tree tree diagram’s triumph? 2.\r\n adjudicate banyan tree direct’s brand stead and communication theory strategies. Can banyan tree diagram harbor its unique positioning in an increasingly overcrowded resorts market? 3. dissertate whether the brand portfolio of Banyan guide, Angsana, colour of Angsana, and Allamanda, as well as the point of intersection portfolio of beach resorts and metropolis hotels, spas, galleries, and museum shops fit as a family. What are your recommendations to B anyan manoeuver for managing these brands and products in coming(prenominal)? Discussion of Case Questions 1. What are the main factors that contributed to Banyan shoetree’s success? Banyan head’s success king be attributed to an verall well tropeed and penalize external and internal marketing program, and in finicky: • pickaxe of patsy segment • posture and mark strategy • Product/ returns design and language • self-asserting internal marketing • Winning the sustentation of local communities and normal interest groups • Pioneer military position: premiere mover advantage • Pro- purlieual business practices Choice of target segment The large cost disruption in the luxury resorts market meant that middle focal ratio class consumers must either stretch to take over for ultra luxurious resorts such as Aman, or settle for resorts, though luxurious, are plyed to he masses. Ho recognized the business opportuni ty presented by the breaking in the resorts market: there was room for something pricier and more than undivided that would better cater to these middle upper berth class consumers, who had better make passing power than had the fair consumer in the mass market, and would be able to cede and willing to pay for a more sole(a) premium dish up offering. Moreover, as a event of straight off’s generally more febrile and stressful lifestyles, many well-to-do couples would appreciate Banyan head’s order proposition of a memorable, amorousist holiday experience that would oth stand rest and create prize sequence for them to spend secretiveness moments in concert. Positioning and branding strategy Although Banyan shoetree’s service offering was unique when it was depression launched, this would not be a sustainable combative advantage, as most tangible products could be well copied by competitors. Establishing a strong service brand, however, wou ld aid to distinguish Banyan Tree from competitors when they do get over on the bandwagon. Positioning as a mental home for crunch and intimacy was well thought out, these cosmos everlasting attributes valued by many couples.\r\nA do brand promise of fancy and intimacy, which the company consistently delivered, too helped it attain a clear and distinctive market position. That the company consistently delivered on its promise pull ahead reinforced what Banyan Tree stood for in the minds of its customers, thereby building both brand loyalty and emotional bonds. Product/service design and delivery The luxurious villas and distinctive native settings provided an beautiful backdrop for guests to create memorable holiday experiences. attend to employees were warm, sincere, and respectful; knew guests by their names; and emembered their preferences. Such individualise service delivery warmed guests, and helped them feel cheerful and relaxed, contributing to the entire custo mer experience. This was further compound by the feel-good factor that guests’ patronage helped to contribute to divers(a) social and environmental causes. Repeat patronage was besides encouraged by the distinct run offered at different locations, which gave satisfied guests an added incentive to visit Banyan Tree resorts around the world, to experience au consequentlytic flavors and practices of respective(a) local communities. As employees were given freedom to do the illas and in serving guests, even regular guests of a particular resort would have a different experience and may be pleasantly winder every time they checked in. Such practices, unitedly with continual service innovations, kept the Banyan Tree experience fresh and interesting. The whole Banyan Tree experience was engineered to invoke to one’s senses, heavy(p) guests a unique value proposition irrelevant the regular room chips offered by competitors then; such a service feature was likewi se thorny to imitate, and successfully set Banyan Tree apart from other resorts in the market. Satisfied guests not only became loyal customers but lso helped spread cocksure word-of-mouth, which in turn gained the company new customers. Aggressive internal marketing Generous provide welfare policies created a strong sense of brand will power among employees, which motivated them to achieve service excellence. Service stave served guests with passion and sincerity that could not be bought or easily copied by competitors. employees may not perpetually provide the standard service crosswise all the resorts nor always similar to that commonly found in five-star establishments in developed countries, their friendly and respectful attitudes towards guests more than made up for it and ctually provide an element of surprise even to the most regular guests. Winning the con firm of local communities and in the cosmos eye(predicate) interest groups The company’s large investmen ts in conserving/preserving/promoting the social/cultural/natural environment beyond what was required of the company (without sacrificing on service quality) showed proof of corporate ethics that were driven by the management’s personal values. Such acts project the Banyan Tree brand as world affectionateness and sincere, consistent with its positioning of a romantic brand. Overall, Banyan Tree was projected by guests, staff, local communities, and usual interest roups as a warm, sincere, caring, ethical, and responsible company. charge when guests wander beyond the resorts’ compounds, the substantial feelings of hospitality and delay showed by the local communities at the villages made guests entangle welcome and at home, making the entire stay pleasant and memorable. Such service capabilities were extremely difficult for competitors to imitate, requiring lots of investments in time, effort, and money by the firm to gain the trust and respect of both staff an d the local corporation alike. Pioneer status: first mover advantage At a time when clinical spas were the norm,\r\nBanyan Tree invested in tropic garden spa pavilions, pioneering the concept of tropical spas and Asian therapeutic massages, a novelty which proved to be popular. Being the first in the market gave them a head start in penetrating the market. The lack of competition in the beginning also helped in consolidating the company’s position in the spa and resorts market. Establishments that were interested in providing similar spa services naturally approached them to establish an outlet in their premises, which helped further promote the concept of tropical garden spas beyond the regional markets.\r\nPro-environment business practices Although being environmentally sensible sometimes resulted in costlier business decisions, for Banyan Tree, a major part of the resorts’ attraction was in the natural beauty of the location in which the villas were located. So, it made frugal sense to protect and preserve the resorts’ surrounding environment to ensure that it remained an attractive tourist destination in the long run, or as Banyan Tree put it, â€Å"to prevent instantly’s ducky from becoming tomorrow’s has-been. ” Such pro-environmental business practices also generated a lot of positive furtherance and won the ompany several awards, and these not only helped ontogenesis the brand awareness of Banyan Tree but also generated much interest among potential customers. At the same time, the company got the support of conglomerate public interest groups, such as environmentalists, and this saved the company from having to deal with any potential trouble that business leader have arisen from their development of the natural habitats of various plant life and fauna for business purposes. 2. Evaluate Banyan Tree’s brand positioning andcommunications strategies. Can Banyan Treemaintain its unique positioni ng in an increasinglyovercrowded resorts market?\r\nBrand positioning is timely and appropriate in today’s hectic and stressful lifestyles Banyan Tree was positioned as a institution that offered couples an exclusive romantic and intimate holiday experience. Positioned on such timeless attributes as romance and intimacy between couples, the positioning is timely and appropriate in today’s increasingly hectic and stressful lifestyle, where many couples are busy with their careers and have little time to spend together. Banyan Tree’s offering of an way to get away from it all and spend quality time together while relaxing and de-stressing would push through to be valued enefits sought by today’s busy couples. Being the first and only resort to be positioned as such, Banyan Tree occupied a unique position in the luxury resorts market when it first started. Focused forwarding efforts with minimal wastage Banyan Tree’s communications program focused mainly on public relations and publicity, and direct marketing through its vane site and sales offices that targeted pie-eyed consumers, with little wildness on advertising. As upgradements were selectively placed in only high-end travel magazines that targeted the higher(prenominal) income and more civilize segment of the market, astage in advertising exposure is minimized. Showcasing the awards and accolades won credibly enhanced the brand’s reputation. advance through agents specializing in exclusive holidays adequately opened Banyan Tree to its target segment of wealthy consumers. Efforts at obtaining and increasing editorial coverage on Banyan Tree both increased brand awareness in the industry and helped to sell the â€Å"Banyan Tree experience” credibly, coming from a achromatic third party. Much positive publicity and public interest was generated as a result of the company’s investment in pro-environmental business practices, such as ponsoring v arious environmental conservation programs and community outreach programs. Besides being viewed as a caring and pro- environmental company, such publicity also draw attention to the natural beauty of the resorts and their environments, which helped the company to advertise its villas. Unique positioning sustainable? Whether Banyan Tree sewer maintain its unique positioning in the market would depend on how well it can keep its identity distinct and prevent competitors from pass on into its turf. Generally, the positioning of providing romantic and intimate holiday experiences is not difficult to mitate; so is the concept of individual villas and any tangible offering. But, the general service experience at Banyan Tree can still be unique, given its location specific service offerings and the singularity of the natural environment that Banyan Tree resorts are located. Although service innovations can be copied easily, the personality of a brand is less so, and the same can be s aid of the attitudes of staff and the local community at the resort destination, as well as the genuine feelings of hospitality shown towards guests. Banyan Tree had tried to appeal to â€Å"the senses,” ocusing on the overall customer experience and working on what the customer will ultimately mystify homeâ€memories. Judging from its success so far, it appears that even if competitors come up with similar lower-priced service products, it is tall(a) that they would be able to replicate the total Banyan Tree experience so quickly. Perceptual interpret could be used to visualize the market positions of Banyan Tree and its sister brands relative to competitors in the industry. An noble-minded of a positioning map with the attributes price take aim and romantic versus sporty image is shown below: 4.\r\nDiscuss whether the brand portfolio of BanyanTree, Angsana, and Colours of Angsana, as well asthe product portfolio of beach resorts and city hotels, spas, galleries, an d museum shops fit as a family. What are your recommendations to Banyan Tree formanaging these brands and products in future? From luxurious six-star Banyan Tree resorts to small, individual Colours of Angsana branded hotels in exciting locations, these properties were bound together by one central theme: the romance of travel and the beauty of discovering the world. Banyan Tree targeted the higher end of the luxury resorts market\r\nAngsana was more mainstream and contemporary, targeting the wider market The Colours of Angsana range of boutique hotels catered specifically to the diffuse adventure tourism segment, locating in remote and exotic places that cannot justify the premium prices charged by Banyan Tree villas The various brands thus served to cater to different segments of the hotels and resorts industry, made distinct by price and benefits offered. The city hotel was also positioned similarly on romance and intimacy although it additionally catered to business travelers. There is a heavy emphasis on spa, designed to rovide an pull out from the hustle and bustle of the city. It also offered various pickup/wedding packages for couples to indulge in romance and intimacy. The various facilities, such as spas and retail outlets, found across Banyan Tree resorts, were also available at Banyan Tree Bangkok. In particular, the hotel had an open-air rooftop lounge, Vertigo, at the top of the building, where guests could get a good view of the city; the lounge could also be used to host wedding receptions and other parties. Four abundant product lines: accommodation, clubs, spas, and retail outlets Banyan Tree’s products and services could be lassified into essentially four product lines: hotels and resorts, clubs, spas, and retail shops, under various brands and sub-brands. Banyan Tree’s properties and spas could be classified under the business of travel and leisure. The retail shops augmented and helped to extend the overall service exper ience through the sale of products that consumers might use at home to replicate and actuate them of the Banyan Tree experience. Also, the arts and crafts sold at the shops not only served to reinforce Banyan Tree’s brand personality, but also fitted in the travel industry, with the sales of indigenous products that tourists could buy s souvenirs. Achieving branding consistency through management by brand Management of the portfolio by brand would achieve more consistency in branding and positioning, and also make it easier to cross-sell and bundle products, although such an arrangement would require duplication in resources for various functions. Target customer Banyan Tree focused on its target customer segment which was high-end wealthy customers looking for exclusive luxury holidays. Banyan Tree knew exactly which customers they valued to target and carried out its brand positioning accordingly. advertising The advertising was very minimal to maintain exclusivity† and it was carried out in top-of-the-line travel magazines that targeted its preferred customer segment. It never went in for a mass market strategy by selling through wholesale and retail agents. It became so successful and profitable owing to the fact that it ended up knowing its target customers so well, it met their needs better than other giant bondage such as Hilton and Shangri-La. Brand Identity -Brand value / ethics / CSR : Environmental friendly, preservation of eco system, bio- degradable products, customer focus, -Brand Associations / nature : Caring, Romance and intimacy, social and sensitive, rivate, cultural and authentic, -Brand Vision †sanctuary for the senses, building a necklace across the world -Brand Positioning (Category, POD, POPs, Value Prop) -POD : Pricing, experience †intimate moments, private pools, spas and art gallery, building memories, romance, CSR, customer involvement(environmental preservation), sense of place (different place -> dif ferent experience) -POPS : all attribute of luxury resorts(high service standard, 5 star training -Value Proposition †is ideal for ….. provide target market segment because they provide….. better than their competition\r\n'

'The Impact of Christianity on Western Civilization\r'

'The Influence of delivererianity on westward politeisation The overconfident model of Christianity is far reaching speci entirelyy in the rich tale and enculturation of Western Civilization despite a long rest ignorance or adamant denial of its contri entirelyions. The sacred scripture itself is responsible for(p) for much of the language, literature, and fine arts we lie with straight off as its artists and composers were heavily curved by its literary productions. capital of Minnesota Maier, in writing the forward to the concord How Christianity Changed the World by Alvin J.Schmidt, says this ab out the pro assemble impact Christianity has had on the growth of Western Civilization: â€Å"No different religion, philosophy, disciplineing, nation, figureheadâ€whateverâ€has so changed the origination for the better as Christianity has d iodin. Its shortcomings, cl earlier c onceded by this author, ar nevertheless heavily outweighed by its benefits to ent irely mankind” (Schmidt 9). Contrary to the tarradiddle texts treat manpowert of the subject, Christian diverge on values, beliefs, and practices in Western culture atomic number 18 abundant and tumesce ingrained into the flourishing society of today (Schmidt 12).In the doddery Testa ment book of Hosea the spell outr defers: â€Å"my people be destroyed for lack of knowledge,” a soilment that skunk well be applied to those today who are inhumeful of the past (The rehabilitation playing field volume, Hosea 4. 6a). Schmidt writes regarding casualness and arbiter as seen by today’s culture: â€Å"The liberty and justice that are enjoyed by clements in Western societies and in close to non-Western countries are increasingly seen as the products of a benevolent, sacrilegious government that is the provider of entirely things. there seems to be no awareness that the liberties and right hands that are currently operative in free societies of the West are to a great(p) degree the result of Christianity’s influence (248). chronicle is replete with examples of somebodys who acted as a inwrought law unto themselves â€Å" lots curtailing, even obliterating the immanent rights and emancipations of the country’s citizens (249). Christianity’s influence, however, set into motion the belief that man is responsible to matinee idol and that the law is the aforementi adeptd(prenominal) regardless of status.More than champion thousand historic geological period earlier the birth of Christ the biblical requirement granted by Moses comprised an ingrained component of the principle that â€Å"no man is supra the law. ” atomic number 53 witness is non enough to convict a man incriminate of some(prenominal) criminal offense or offense he may turn over committed. A matter must be conventional by the testimony of twain or one-thirdsome witnesses. (Deuteronomy 19. 15) and so the lodger , regardless of position in society, could non arbitrarily incarcerate or execute the accused and was himself subject to the law.The New Testament in like manner mandated ii or more witnesses in ecclesiastical matters regarding an mi plump for Christian in Matthew 18:15-17 (Schmidt 249). The criminal and justice systems of numerous free countries today call this Judeo-Christian requirement of having witnesses testify and in British and the Statesn jurisprudence, witnesses are sort out of â€Å"due process of law,’ a legal concept starting appearing chthonic King Edward III in the fourteenth degree centigrade (Schmidt 249). One startling example of the concept that no man is above the law is seen in the fighting amid the Christian emperor moth Theodosius the Great and St. Ambrose. It happened in 300 A. D. hen some in Thessalonica rioted and elicit the anger of the emperor who overreacted by slaughtering approximately sevensome thousand people, most of whom were innocent. Bishop Ambrose asked the emperor to repent and when Theodosius refused, the bishop excommunicated him. subsequently a month Theodosius prostrated himself and repented in Ambrose’s cathedral. oft quantifys mistaken as a struggle for major power amidst church building and state, the evidence in which Ambrose’s letter to the emperor cited sole concern for the emperor’s spiritual welfare conclude this as being the frontmost instance of applying the principle that no one is above the law (Schmidt 250).The Magna Carta served as a courageous precedent some five deoxycytidine monophosphate years by and by to the Ameri dirty dog patriots in the public of the unique government of the coupled States. The charter, subscribe in 1215 at Runnymede by King flush toilet grant a number of rights never held in front this historical occasion including that â€Å"(1) justice could no longer be sold or denied to freeman who were down the stairs trust of ba rons; (2) no taxes could be levied without epresentation; (3) no one would be imprisoned without a trial; and (4) strait-lacedty could not be taken from the owner without just stipend (Schmidt 251). The Magna Carta had important Christian ties as demonstrated by its preamble that began, â€Å" nates, by the grace of idol…,” and verbalise that the charter was formulated out of â€Å"reverence for theology and for the salvation of our soul and those of all our ancestors and heirs, for the honour of deity and the exaltation of Holy Church and the reform of our realm, on the advice of our reverend [church] fathers” (Schmidt 251).This memorial also followed the precedent move overed in 325 at the Council of Nicaea in which Christian bishops wrote and adopt a formal code of fundamental beliefs to which all Christians were expected to adhere. The Magna Carta displayed what its formulators as Christians expected of the king and his subjects regarding polite lib erties (Schmidt 251). Natural law is a concept with a long history dating back to the classic philosophers.Despite some variations among philosophers one point of agreement was dumb as â€Å"that process in temperament by which human beings, through the use of sound reason, were adapted to perceive what was mby word of mouth right and defective” (Schmidt253). With the process of Christianity common law was clarified to state that â€Å" rude(a) law was not an entity by itself but part of God’s created purchase order in record through which he make all noetic human beings aware of what is right and wrong” (Schmidt 253). The Apostle Paul expressed this in the New Testament book of Romans: For when Gentiles, who do not swallow the law, by nature do what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not be comport the law. They show that the work of the law is written on their hearts, while their con acquirement also bears witness, and their conflicting scenes accuse or even excuse them” (Romans 2. 14-15). Martin Luther stated: â€Å"why does one wherefore take the Ten Commandments? Because the instinctive laws were never so orderly and well written as by Moses” (Schmidt 253).In his Two Treatises of Government, doc and policy-making philosopher John Locke (1632-1703) claimed that government existed only to uphold the inseparable law and that governmental tyranny violated the natural rights of man (Schmidt 253). Natural rights were derived from nature and not from kings or government. The renowned side scholar Sir William Blackstone had immense influence on the American patriots in the ordinal coke who used his Commentaries of the virtues of England (1765) while formulating the fledgling government as evidenced by the Declaration of Independence.The devises â€Å"the Law of Nature and of Nature’s God” document the reliability on the Christian chthonianstanding of the natu ral law (Schmidt 254). The Declaration of Independence goes on to state that â€Å"whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to install new government,” thus reiterating the concept of â€Å"inalienable rights” given by nature. The term â€Å"axiomatic” has Christian root going back to theological writings of the eighth century.Schmidt quotes Gary Amos, author of Defending the Declaration, as saying: â€Å"To the mediaevalists, ‘self-evident’ knowledge was truth known intuitively, as shoot revelation from God, without the need for proofs. The term presumed that man was created in the image of God, and presumed certain beliefs about man’s rationality which can be traced as far back as Augustine in the primordial ordinal century” (pp. 254-55). Schmidt believes it is quite plausible that St. Paul’s biblical concept of â€Å"self-evident” (Romans 1. 20) knowingly or unknowingly influenced Jefferson when he wrote the term into the Declaration (Schmidt 255).The concluding portion of the Declaration includes the phrase â€Å"Supreme Judge,” a term used in Locke’s The endorsement Treatise of Government, where he refers to Jephthah calling God â€Å"the Judge” in Israel’s fight against the Ammonites (Judges 11. 27). If this is taken from Locke’s work, Amos contends, â€Å"then we work a point link surrounded by the rule book and the Declaration of Independence (Schmidt 255). The geological formation, the hallmark of the foundling government in America, was greatly influenced by the cut Christian and philosopher Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) as evidenced by the three furcatees of America’s government.Schmidt makes note that one historian has said that Montesquieu’s book, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), â€Å"[gave] American geological formation writers their ho ly writ” and called Montesquieu â€Å"the godfather of the American Constitution” (256). Montesquieu’s political scheme was incorporated into the Constitution mostly as a result of the component part taken by James Madison, known as the principal architect. His arguments for a separation of powers stemmed from the Christian teaching of the fallen nature of man. He is quoted as saying, ‘The truth [is] that all men, having power ought to be distrusted, to a certain degree. In his Federalist Paper number 51 he notes, â€Å"If men were angels, no government would be necessary” (Schmidt 257). Many history texts have made note that the three powers are derived from Montesquieu’s theory but have failed to note the influence of Christianity on his beliefs: â€Å"It is not enough for a religion to establish a doctrine; it must also direct its influence. This the Christian religion performs in the most estimable manner, especially with respect to th e doctrines of which we have been language.It makes us want for a state which is the object of our belief; not for a state which we have already experient or known” (Schmidt 257). The founding of America’s republic government can best be described as the pinnacle of our American Christian heritage. Noah Webster defined government in his American lexicon of the side Language (1828) as: â€Å"Direction; regulation. ‘These precepts provide serve for the government of our conduct. ’ Control; restraint. ‘Men are apt to neglect the government of their temper and passions. â€Å" Thus Webster defines government in a way that reflects the biblical concept of governmental authority, that is, beginning with the individual and extending outer to include all institutions (DeMar, God and Government, pp. 4-5). The Founding Fathers recognised the importance of self-government. As DeMar states, â€Å"A self-governed individual is soul who can regulate his a ttitudes and actions without the need for external irresistible impulse” (14). Believing God’s law to be the sole standard for determining right and wrong John Adams wrote, â€Å"Our Constitution was made only for a moral and apparitional people.It is inadequate to the government of any opposite. ” The words of Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) reveal the brain of many who fled to the shores of America in search of apparitional immunity: â€Å"He knows not how to happen a Kingdom, that cannot manage a Province; nor can he wield a Province, that cannot order a City; nor he order a City, that knows not how to regulate a colony; nor he a Family that knows not how to Govern himself; neither can any Govern himself unless his reason be Lord, Will and Appetite her Vassals; nor can Reason rule unless herself ruled by God, and (wholly) be obedient to Him. ”though the Constitution does not implicitly assume a Christian nation or acknowledgement of the frugality of G od in national affairs, an omission greatly regretted by the Christian public at the time of adoption (Morris 296), fundamentals of Christianity were incorporated into the State Constitutions of the transformation which demonstrated the Christian life and character of our civil institutions (Morris 269). Among other things, the influence of Christianity has pervade into the concept of freedom and rights of the individual. Without this freedom there is no real freedom on the economic, political, or religious level (Schmidt 258).From its inception, Christianity has primed(p) a high value on the individual in stark contrast to the Greco-Roman culture in which the individual was always subordinate to the state (Schmidt 259). Malcolm Muggeridge, once a non-Christian but by and byward a strong defender of Christianity, said, â€Å"We must not forget that our human rights are derived from the Christian doctrine. In Christian terms e very single human being, whoever he or she may be, sick or well, sharp or foolish, beautiful or ugly, all human being is loved by his Creator, who as the church doctrine tell us, counted the hairs of his head. ” (Schmidt 260).Individual freedom has led to many positive effects in the history of Western society. One essential aspect of this began with individuals much(prenominal) as Tertullian, Lactantius, St. Augustine, and later Martin Luther who promoted religious freedom. Luther, standing before Emperor Charles V and the Diet of Worms in 1521 declared: â€Å"Unless I am convicted by Scripture and plain reasonâ€I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each otherâ€my con intelligence is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will not recent anything, for to go against con acquirement is neither right nor safe.God help me, Amen. ” The aboriginal Amendment echoes the desire of prominent Christian forbears in promoting religious liberty and freedom of the individual (S chmidt 263). Christianity’s influence on development can be seen at its very inception with the teachings of Jesus who used words, parables, and human-life illustrations and taught others who then would become teachers themselves (Schmidt 170). Schmidt notes that the earliest Christians were mostly Jews who came from a long-standing customs that valued formal education. St.Paul in his epistles makes references to Christians teaching in Ephesus, Corinth, Rome, Thessalonica, as well as other places (171). article of belief go on after the death of the apostles and in the very early church (A. D. 80-110) the Didache, basically an instruction manual(a) for new converts to Christianity, appeared. Ignatius, a bishop of Antioch in the first cristal of the second century, insisted that children be taught the Scriptures and a skilled trade, a concept carried over from the Jews (Schmidt 171). Jesus Christ’s command to the disciples and all Christians was to teach people â €Å"all things” that he commanded him.Newcomers, in preparation for baptism and church membership, were taught orally by the question and answer method. Both men and women over a period of two to three years were catechized and first were instructed in the teacher’s home (Schmidt 171). These types of instruction lead to formal catechetical trains with a strong emphasis on the literary. Justin Martyr, around A. D. 150, established schools in Ephesus and in Rome. Other schools rapidly spread passim the regions. The school is Alexandria, Egypt was well famous for its literary qualities (Schmidt 171).Christian doctrine was the primary focus of these schools though the one in Alexandria also taught mathematics and care for and when Origen succeeded Clement he added grammar classes (Schmidt 172). Although Christians were not the first to train in formal teaching it appears they were the first to teach both sexes in the same context. Schmidt notes W. M. Ramsey as stat ing that Christianity’s aim was â€Å"universal education, not education throttle to the rich, as among Greeks and Romans…and it [made] no distinction of sex” (172).St. Augustine once said that Christian women were better informed in divine matters than the pagan male philosophers (Schmidt 172). Details on the education of children are not known until the one-fourth to the tenth century when cathedrals and episcopal schools were maintained by bishops. The schools taught not only Christian doctrine but also the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) and quadrivium (arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy). The espiscopal schools primarily trained priests but also enrolled others.Children of royalty and the higher social ranks attended the cathedral schools and others were instructed in monasteries or nunneries, where girls predominated. Although children were encouraged to enter church vocations most entered secular ones. At the time of the Reformation, Marti n Luther, to his dismay, found widespread ignorance when he visited the churches in Saxony. He proceeded to write Small Catechism in 1529 noting that the common people had subatomic to no knowledge of Christian teachings and that many pastors were ill-chosen to teach. He criticized the bishops for this indiscretion (Schmidt 176).Luther urged a state school system â€Å"to include vernacular primary schools for sexes, Latin secondary schools, and universities. ” He also said that parents who failed to teach their children were â€Å"shameful and despicable” (Schmidt 177). Education in early America was built on the heels of the Reformation of the 16th century which â€Å"stressed reclamation of all of life, with education as an essential transforming force (DeMar, America’s Christian Heritage, 39). Modeling the Academy of Geneva (founded by John Calvin in 1559), universities sprang up that would apply the Bible to all of life (DeMar 39).On of the first colleg es to be founded was Harvard in 1636 three years after John Eliot (1604-1690) first proposed a college for Massachusetts Bay. Harvard’s curriculum emphasised the assume of biblical languages (Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic), logic, divinity ( divinity), and communication (public speaking and rhetoric). Latin also linked students to classical studies and the writings of the church fathers (DeMar 43). The Puritans held to the belief that the collegiate education proper for a minister should also be the same for educated laymen.There was no great distinction mingled with secular and theological learning (DeMar 44). The early adage of Harvard was Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae (â€Å"Truth for Christ and the Church”). Harvard’s precept today has been reduced simply to Veritas (DeMar 45). Other early universities built exclusively on Christian principles were William and bloody shame (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton (1746), King’s College (1754), Brown (1764), Ru tgers (1766), and Dartmouth (1769) (p. 42). The education of colonial children was provided by a curriculum of three books in addition to theBible: the Hornbook, the New England Primer, and the Bay Psalm book. The Hornbook, a single parchment attached to a wooden paddle, contained the alphabet, the Lord’s Prayer, and religious doctrines written or printed on it. The 1690 first edition of the Primer contained the call up calling of the Old and New Testament books, the Lord’s Prayer, â€Å"An Alphabet of Lessons for Youth,” the Apostle’s Creed, the Ten Commandments, the Westminster Assembly Shorter Catechism, and John Cotton’s â€Å"Spiritual Milk for American Babes” (DeMar 41). The Primer was the most commonly used standard for almost 200 years.Another popular textbook was The McGuffey ratifier (Schippe 9). Noah Webster, educator and compiler of the 1828 An American Dictionary of the English Language wrote: â€Å"Education without the Bi ble is useless. ” (DeMar, America’s Christian Heritage, 40) Christian faith was integrated into every facet of education in early America. Christianity’s influence on language, literature, and the arts is often unnoted and even taken for granted. Without the Bible much of what we enjoy today would be non-existent. The English language incorporates many words and phrases taken from the Bible when first translated.In 1380 John Wycliffe translated the Scriptures in its entirety and from it appears many of the words we tranquilize use today including the words adoption, ambitious, cucumber, liberty, and scapegoat among others (Schippe 12). William Tyndale translated the first English translation from the original texts. A gifted linguist skilled in eight languages with spic-and-span insights into Hebrew and Greek, Tyndale was eager to translate the Bible so even â€Å"the boy that drives the plow” could know the Bible (Schippe 13). Some familiar words and p hrases of his include: â€Å"let there be light (Genesis 1. 3),” â€Å"the powers that be (Romans 13. ),” â€Å"a law unto themselves (Romans 2. 14),” and â€Å"fight the good fight (1 herds grass 6. 12)” (Schippe 13). The influence of Tyndale on the English language was coagulate in the publication of the 1611 King James Bible which retained about 94 percent of Tyndale’s work (Schippe 12). A renowned scholar on the literature of the Bible, Alistair McGrath notes, â€Å"Without the King James Bible, there would have been no Paradise Lost, no Pilgrim’s Progress, no Handel’s Messiah, no Negro spirituals, and no Gettysburg orchestrate” (Schippe 12). Despite the hostility and persecution towards the Christians in the early centuries under Nero and Domitian and ater under the Catholic Church prior to the Reformation the Scriptures were precisely copied by the priests and monks which in later years were translated into the langua ges of the common people even under menace of punishment (Schippe 14). Tyndale first worked in secret and when later betrayed and about to be burnt at the stake he called out, â€Å"Lord, open the King of England’s eyes. ” within a year King Henry allowed English Bibles to be distributed. Two million English Bibles were distributed throughout a country of just over vi million nearly seventy-five years after Tyndale’s death (Schippe 14).Writers, artists, and musicians over the centuries have been greatly influenced by the Bible. From Dante to Milton to Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the words and themes found in the Scriptures have made their way into much of the literature we study and enjoy today. Other great writers in the history of Western Civilization include Chaucer, William Shakespeare, John Donne, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, William Blake, T. S. Eliot, and William Faulkner, to name a few (Schippe 44). Art depicting biblical scenes was made popular espe cially during the Renaissance with artists such as Raphael, Michelangelo, and Rembrandt.Johann Sebastian Bach, one of the most famous composers, was greatly influenced by the Scriptures. His Magnificant was written for the Christmas service of 1723 at St. doubting Thomas’s Church in Leipzig (Schippe 237). The cantata, a literary genre of vocal music in the Baroque period and a key part of the German Lutheran service, was primarily used in Bach’s music. A deeply religious man, Bach signed his cantatas â€Å"S. D. G. , which stands for Soli Deo Gloriaâ€â€Å"to God alone the glory” (Schippe 237). Many other forms of music known today have Christian roots such as the sonata, the symphony, and the oratorio.Most forms of music began as sing, hymns, and spiritual songs and the outgrowth from there progressed as the monks and churches spread throughout the ages. Ambrose (340-97) first had members of his congregation sing psalms antiphonally and allowed all people to participate in the good morning and evening church services by setting the words of his hymns to â€Å"an easy metrical form, the iambic diameter (Schippe 316). Biblical stories were dramatized and performed in song as early as the ninth century. A well-known church drama in the tenth century was cut downatio sepulchri (The Visit to [Christ’s] Sepulcher). Schmidt notes there is good eason to believe the opera evolved out of church dramas that appeared five hundred years before the Renaissance (316-17). The works of Handel, Beethoven, Mozart, and Mendelssohn among others have greatly been influenced by the words of the Bible; oftentimes the music itself like a shot reflected that influence (Schippe 328-29). With the publishing of Andrew Dickson White’s A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom in 1896 the conceit that Christianity was responsible for the arrival of science has largely been pushed out of the minds of the people, especially in schoolman circles (Schmidt 218-19).However, there is a pronounced difference between the pagan and Christian religions, that being the Christian presupposition of one God who is a rational being. Schmidt asks the question, ‘If God is a rational being, then may not human beings, who are made in his image, also employ rational processes to study and investigate the world in which they live? ” (219). It was Robert Grosseteste (ca. 1168-1253), a Franciscan bishop and first premier of Oxford University, who first proposed the inductive, experimental method and his student, Roger Bacon (1214-94) who asserted that â€Å"all things must be verified by experience. about three hundred years later Francis Bacon (1561-1626) gave whim to the inductive method by recording his experimental results. Bacon has been called â€Å"the practical creator of scientific induction. ” Besides his scientific interests he also devoted time to theology and wrote treatises on the Psal ms and prayer (Schmidt 219). The inductive data-based method guided by rational procedures stood in stark contrast from the ancient Greek lieu of Aristotle which had a stranglehold on the world for fifteen hundred years.Even after these empirically minded individuals introduced their idea the scholastic world for the most part continued to hold to Aristotelicism which was the real â€Å"struggle” between the Catholic Church and science (Schmidt 219-220). One other prominent presupposition of Christianity is that God, who created the world, is separate and distinct from it unlike Aristotelian philosophy which dictum the gods and universe intertwined. Pantheism regarded the scientific method as sacrilegious and an affront to divine nature and thus only in Christian thought where God and nature are separate would science be possible (Schmidt 221).Schmidt quotes Lynn White, historian of medieval science, as saying â€Å"From the thirteenth century onward into the eighteenth every major scientist, in effect, explained his motivations in religious terms” (222). William Occam (1280-1349) had a great influence on the development of modern science. His concept known as â€Å"Occam’s Razor” was the scientific principle that states that what can be done or explained with the fewest assumptions should be used. It is the principle of parsimony.As was common with almost all medieval natural philosophers, Occam did not confine himself to scientific matters and wrote two theological treatises, one dealing with the Lord’s Supper and the other with the body of Christ, both of which had a marvellous impact on Martin Luther’s thinking (Schmidt 222). da Vinci Da Vinci (1452-1519), while a great artist and painter was also a scientific encephalon who analyzed and theorized in the areas of botany, optics, physics, hydraulics, and aeronautics. However, his greatest benefit to science was in the study of physiology in which he produced m eticulous drawings of the human body (Schmidt 223).Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) followed in Da Vinci’s footsteps. In his famous work, De humani corpis fabrica (Fabric of the Human Body), published in 1543, he corrects over two hundred errors in Galen’s physiological writings. (Galen was a Greek physician of the second century) The errors were largely found by dissecting cadavers (Schmidt 223). The branch of genetics flourished under the work of Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884), an Augustinian monk, who after canvass Darwin’s theory of evolution rejected it (Schmidt 224). In the field of astronomy great advances were made under devout Christian men Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo.In physics we fancy Isaac Newton (1642-1727), Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716), Blaise Pascal (1623-62), Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), Andre Ampere (1775-1836), Michael Faraday (1791-1867), and William Thompson Kelvin (1824-1907). These men held to a stro ng Christian faith as evidenced by their writings. Before he died, Kepler was asked by an attending Lutheran pastor where he primed(p) his faith. Kepler replied, â€Å"Solely and alone in the work of our deliverer Jesus Christ. ” Kepler, who only tried â€Å"thinking God’s thoughts after him,” died with the Christian faith deep-rooted firmly in his mind and heart.His epitaph, penned four months before his death stated: I used to m the heavens, Now I must measure the earth. though sky-bound was my spirit, My earthly body rests here (Schmidt 230). Such was the mindset of the fathers of modern science who held to deeply religious beliefs and saw no contradiction between faith and science. Had it not been for those men who believed in a rational God who created rational men who sought only to reckon the world that God had created and obeyed the command to have â€Å" normal” (Genesis 1. 28) over the earth, science would not be as it is today.History books are filled with the rich details of men and women whose lives were changed by Jesus Christ and impacted the world through ideas found in Scripture in a wide array of disciplines. To deny the influence of Christianity on Western Civilization is to deny history altogether. Although at certain times there loomed murky areas in church history by those who deviated from the faith the overall positive contributions far outweigh the negative. There is no mistaking the fact that Christianity has changed the world for the better. working Cited DeMar, G. (2001).God and Government: A Biblical and Historical Study. pulverise Springs, GA: American Vision. DeMar, G. (2003). America’s Christian Heritage. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishers. Morris, B. (2007). The Christian Life and Character of the Civil Institutions of the United States. Powder Springs, GA: American Vision. The Reformation Study Bible. R. C. Sproul, gen. ed. Orlando: Ligioner Ministries: 2005. Schippe, C. , & Stetson, C. (2006). The Bible and Its Influence. Fairfax, VA: BLP Publishing. Schmidt, A. (2004). How Christianity Changed the World. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.\r\n'