Business Process Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

headache Process Management - Case Study ExampleMaking closings that concern the utilization of much(prenominal) resources occupy the consideration of several factors including good, cultural and social factors among others. The decision makers in the organization must carry push through extensive researches to determine the acceptance of their operations in the ordering. The organization should determine the thought of the corporation on their intended use of the resources. This compels the organization to consult with the society on a regular basis in order to avert social strife from the societies among which they opepace. To do this effectively, the organization must always provide incentives to the societies with the go through of influencing them into liking the operations of the organization and their intended utilization of the resources. This will include the compliance with the set legal policies and regulations since the organization has no control over such. Addit ionally, the organization will thereafter provide such incentives in the form of carrying out social responsive investing, this way the organization benefits increased revenue and persuades the mindset of the society into likening the operations of the organization. A fundamental effect of utilizing the resources is pollution that requires effective consideration. The utilization of any of such resources may result in the pollution of any of the naturally existing resources shared by the undefiled community. Making a decision on the use of any of the resources must consider the extent and type of pollution that such actions may have on the environment. The pollution of the resources is likely to affect the lives of everyone in the society thus amounting to the infringement of human rights. The pollution of the environment causes several effects on the health of the raft depending on the resources either directly or indirectly. Their entitlement to a safe and clean environment acc ords them the right to carry through anybody who threatens the sustainability of the environment by encouraging pollution. Another equally important factor considered when making such decisions is the depletion rate of the resources. Despite being natural, the resources are likely to deplete with subsequent extraction. The managers of any project seeking to yield such resources must consider the effect of the resources on the rest of the community and the nature of the resources. Preservation of some(prenominal) the environment and the resources is therefore key in the utilization of the resources. With the consideration of the depletion rate of the environment, mangers thus employ methods that do not corrode the environment thus minimizing the effects of the extraction process. The consideration of the two factors among many others is a responsibility of the management of the organization utilizing the natural resources. They must consider the interests of the society most of wh ich are safeguarded by the governments. Effective economies have government policies that govern the utilization of the resources with the view of protecting the interests of the society that benefits communally from resources. The decision making process thus becomes a multi layered process that considers the interests of everyone benefiting from the resources.

Implementation of Entreprise 2.0 in a Business Research Paper

Implementation of Entreprise 2.0 in a Business - search Paper ExampleIn addition, there are numerous examples of first step 2.0 tools in which Wikis and Blogs are good known communication and coaction portals. Moreover, social network tools are very helpful for the staff members in finding the target person or group of persons. Thus, enterprise 2.0 has the capability to offer content, data and cultivation and knowledge in an amazingly low-priced and unproblematic way by means of nett-based tools (UBM TechWeb, 2011 Miller, 2007). Some passel say that enterprise 2.0 is about carrying Web 2.0 into the dividing line however it is not completely true. In rough way, enterprise 2.0 refers to process of bringing the collaborative and social applications and technologies of Web 2.0 into the business setting however enterprise 2.0 also shows a basal change in the way businesses carry out their operations (Nations, 2011). Additionally, it is a true fact that enterprise 2.0 is a simpl ified idea that is normally used for technological and business practice that releases the required workers from the limitations of inheriting communication tools and productive tools as there is an example of email. Moreover, its other major advantages is that it facilitates the business executives to access the precise information when it is required by means of a web of interrelated applications, services and strategies. In this way enterprise 2.0 make easy to get to the combined understanding of many. Hence this aspect results in moving to an enormous competitive gain in the form of ameliorate innovation, efficiency and agility (UBM TechWeb, 2011 Nations, 2011 Miller, 2007). Enterprise 2.0 in a Business The question is that what is enterprise 2.0 and how it is used in business surroundings? The simple answer to above question is that enterprise 2.0 is the implementation ofWeb 2.0into the piece of work and business environment but the defined aspect is not completely precise. In other words, enterprise 2.0 is a process of implementing collective and collaborative tools of Web 2.0 into the business environment, where enterprise 2.0 also signifies a basic change in how a business is managed (Nations, 2011). As the changes are occurring swiftly in the business environment round the world and in the conventional corporate background, information could easily issue through a sequential path. Consequently, the information is passing down the chain from the peak to the base and proposals made from the base geological period toward the peak. It is a true fact that enterprise 2.0 changed this prearranged order and created a controlled chaos. Moreover in Enterprise 2.0 structures, flow of information is in form of up and down. As a result, it easily cuts the chains that grasp collaboration in a customary business environment. And it is one of the major reasons that enterprise 2.0 is considered as a hardy sell to an organization. So knowingly unleash disorder r uns counter to their intuitions (Nations, 2011). Enterprise 2.0 & Web 2.0 Technologies While we blither about Web 2.0 technological features, we see a lot of Web 2.0 tools and technologies easily available in the market. Additionally, there are numerous online tools, technologies,

Batteries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Batteries - Research newsprint ExampleStarter batteries are mainly used in applications that require short bursts of high powerfulness and are, mainly used in vehicles. Deep cycle batteries tolerate deep discharge hence commence pixilated power for a considerate amount of time. Industrial batteries produce low but steady power for longer periods (Leadacidbatteryinfo.org, 2015).A normal melt acid battery consists of a combination of electro-chemical cells. The cells radiation diagram the building blocks of the battery. The basic components of the cell are the anode, cathode, electrolyte and a separator. The anode consists of metal mesh that is pasted with running oxide eon the cathode is covered with lead. The anode, which is the positive electrode, receives electrons from the circuit when the cell is discharged. The cathode, which is the negative electrode, donates electrons while the electrolyte provides a mechanism for the charge to fertilise from the cathode to the anode. The electrolyte is usually a solution of sulphuric acid (30%) and water (70%). The separator ensures the electrodes are electrically isolated.The lead and lead and lead oxide grids are given a porous structure to increase the active surface. callable to positive grid corrosion, the thickness of the anode affects the lifetime of the battery the thicker the plate, the longer the lifespan.dQ/dt = where Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67*10-8),emission ratio of the veridical (0.95 for battery containers) is temperature in Kelvins. Example when T = 298K (Kiehne, 2003),The anode receives electrons from the external circuit. The electrons then react with active materials at the anode with the reduction reaction, which then continue the charge flow through the solution of the electrolyte. The lead oxide is converted to lead sulphate and absorps HSO4 and H+. Water is hence generated from the process. Oxidation occurs at the cathode. The

What kinds of consent are there Can any of them explain our obligation Essay

What kinds of consent are thither Can any of them explain our obligation to accompany the states commands - Essay Exampledominion of a prince, which one might leave, each individual(a) has given a tacit consent to his authority, and promised him obedience it may be answered, that such an implied consent can only spend a penny place, where a man imagines, that the matter depends on his choice.(Hirschhorn 2004), further demonstrates consent and notes, Failure to follow ethical principles in the informed consent process can result in serious legal action by tort law (civil wrongdoing) and even criminal law, the lack of informed consent constitutes assault and battery.Related to governmental theory, there are three main types of consent that willing be explored. They are express, tactic and hypothetical. Although there are other forms in political theory, these are three main to be explored as they are the primary cause for debate within the spectrum.Express consent can be dod a s total agreement with an order, demand or request. An example of this would be if someone was asked to meet at a location and they agreed. Another example would be if a state law required that all drivers wore their seatbelt and every driver of that state did while driving. Complying, agreeing and deciding to comply with a request, is express consent. In democratic nations, this is easier to define as the people elect authoriseds to represent them in their best interest. If they do not, then the elected official is not re-elected. People in democratic nations also have the ability to live where they chose and states have individual laws that are not applicable beyond their bounds.(Allsop 2011) states, The reasons to obey the law may be either prudential or moral. Prudential reasons are related to self-interest. This theory states members of society conform to the law out of timidity of punishment or being socially outcast for being labeled a criminal.Although people will inherent ly have express consent for many laws in that state, they may not understand or be aware of all laws they are subject to

PRODUCT ASSESSMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PRODUCT ASSESSMENT - Term Paper ExampleWhy, though, is dial-up mesh service in the decline stage along the product life cycle? accord to the U.S. census conducted in 2010, metropolitan areas experienced much(prenominal) meteoric reaping than rural regions, by a prise of 4.9 percent (census.gov, 2011). This means that consumers are seeking opportunities to migrate to metropolitan or suburban areas at a much faster pace than those looking for rural living opportunities. It is in the urban regions of the United States where major, present-day(a) internet providers have developed the appropriate technologies and support tools to sustain broadband Internet access as well as service providers along service networks that provide multitudes of options, today, for ravageing dial-up services. In essence, these migrating shifts away from rural locations gave consumers much more opportunities to explore faster and more efficient non-dial-up Internet service providers. Rationale for Exp laining Dial-Up Decline According to Michael Porter (2011), a respected business theorist, threats to sustaining a product and ensuring longevity, thus avoiding decline, include threats of substitutes on the market. During the previous(a) 1990s and early 2000s, it was commonplace while Internet services were in the introductory and growth stages to keep on dial-up services due to limited providers and appropriate network developments across the country designed to support faster Internet services. Political de-regulation of Internet services, along with both private and public corporation investment into underdeveloped new Internet technologies, provided a foundation for the emergence of many service providers (such as Verizon and Comcast) to put substitutes into the market. With growth in competition, the economic-related benefits to consumers requiring Internet services began to witness various price competitions occurring, thereby providing more value to consumers to abandon d ial-up Internet service providers. Up until just the last five years, it was common for dial-up Internet to range amid $15 and $25 monthly. It was only upon development of appropriate Internet networks and mobile Internet technologies that dial-up service providers were forced to dramatically lower dial-up services in order to maintain competitiveness against major Internet providers straightaway emerging all across the country. Shifts in social lifestyle also changed the dynamics that no long-lived made dial-up services viable to sustain busy lifestyle and professionalism. With the ability to now access the Internet using mobile devices (i.e. smartphones), consumers could access the Internet out of their bricks-and-mortar businesses and homes, making dial-up service both impractical and non nearly as reliable. Buyers, due to concentrated and saturated competitive markets, now maintained considerable buying power as switching costs from moving from one provider to another compe titor were no longer high as they were in the day of growth of dial-up services. Changes in social lifestyle, as aforementioned, added a new type of pricing transparency for the many broadband and mobile Internet providers now on the market, giving consumers an advantage in choice and purchase selection opportunities. Recommendations for Potential Action The first passport would be for dial-up service providers to reposition dial-up services to maintain unique innovations not found with other broadband or mobile providers currently offering

Why you shouldn't drink and drive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

wherefore you shouldnt drink and drive - Essay ExampleOne reason for not imbibition and driving is that it usher out cause accidents that may in return cause deaths and injuries that may be either permanent or temporary depending on the brutality of the accident. Deaths target to loss of loved ones that leave gaps in the family. If the deceased soulfulness was the breadwinner in the family, the people left behind have problems on providing their expects. In case of a advance loss if the children left behind are young, they will have hardships living without the support of their parents and this may channel to mental imbalance that may lead to health problems to the affected. Injuries can lead to disabilities, which make the affected much dependent on the other members of the family that can increase family expenses. Overbey states this as, to reduce drunk driving and the deaths and injuries that it causes (Overbey, 55), showing the need to avoid drunk driving owing to the co nsequences to self, family, friends, government, and the society.The second reason why a person should not drink and drive is to avoid penalties imposed on drunk drivers. One will be prosecuted for felony if having precedent convictions even if no accidents occurred. In Florida, one can be charged with a felony if an accident is caused and specially if someone is injured. If the accident results to death, one can be charged with manslaughter or vehicle homicide, which can lead to tears or decades imprisonment. Depending on the state, one can be subject to the following penalties or an criminal offence resulting from drunk driving a fine up to several thousand dollars, possible jail term, and probation, revocation of the drivers license or temporary impounding of the vehicle. All this can be avoided by not drinking and driving. Mendralla and Janet (45) give advice to a person requested to drive while drunk to respond as I do not want to risk losing my license (Mendralla and Janet , 45), showing that drunk

Discussion about Eurodisney case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion about Eurodisney - Case Study ExampleThe customs and day-to-day routine of europiums inhabitants proved to be different and unique compared to those experienced in America and China. Planning was, therefore, broadly based on assumptions made about observations recorded by researchers on European culture. For example, the team complicated in the planning, was of the assumption that most Europeans do not take breakfast. They, therefore, made smaller dining areas for the destiny of breakfast meals. The outcome of this was that thrice the predicted number of people showed up for breakfast. They also overestimated their annual growth judge figure. They forecast indicated a 1.5% annual growth rate (Warren, 2002).On the other hand, reasons for failure can be attributed to other factors and not on the failure of their abide cost planning. For example, Europe began to suffer effects of gamey inflation. This automatically bear on the whole project increasing the costs requir ed to finance the entire project. The french government agreed to share the wealth that was soon to be generated from the project if it proved successful. French citizens, therefore, had to dower in the project by meeting some of the financial obligations. However, the high inflation rates affected most citizens ability to invest in the project. In addition, the production costs rocketed throughout the entire project (Warren, 2002).The case study is a clear and concise depiction of what happens in the real world. Most organizations bone project cost plans when dealing with new projects. This is an extremely beneficial way in which the organizations can traverse the new project as a separate entity. This helps to shield the organization from unforeseen risks, which can be, bad to the parent company. The entire plan relies on a system that will allow for the project to constitute for all expenses incurred during its development (Warren, 2002).Project cost planning is common in b usinesses exposed to

Faisal - finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Faisal - finance - Essay ExampleTherefore, the most appropriate financial theory that is applicable to the company is the trade-off theory. The company is trying to balance toll and benefits associated with both equity and debt. initiation of crown in the company is equity, bonds, bank loans and finance leases among other financial liabilities. Each of the above sources of gravid has both advantages and disadvantages. It is possible to compute shelter of the company by calculating weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and shareholder value. WACC refers to an average rate of interest at which a company is expected to buckle under all its providers of capital. The seven drivers of shareholder value are growth in sales, operating profit margins, impose rate, working capital growth, fixed capital growth, cost of capital and the period of competitive advantage. The total value as estimated by the shareholder value drivers of the company was 16603.7 million in 2019. When the shar eholders drivers are increased by 5 percent the company value of the company will increase to 21,443.61 million. The disadvantages of shareholder value analysis include difficulty in computations, difficulty in implementation, failure to include social needs and scuttle of making errors in calculation of shareholder value analysis. ... Capital expression According to Taylor and Sansone (2007), capital structure is determined by the composition of target collateral pool, investment flexibility, condition existing in the commercialize for the collateral, weighted average cost debt capital and the desired ratings of the bonds in the capital structure. Capital structure female genitalia be analysed by comparing companys debts and equity used to purchase companys assets. The capital structure of TUI AG is defined by shareholders funds, various categories of corporate bonds, finance lease as well as bank loans. To understand the theory behind the capital structure, it is important t o explain the various sources of finance and the impact on the company. Leverage ratio of TUI AG is 62 percent (figure 3 in the appendixes). This indicates that 62 percent of the total assets were funded through debt. Table 3- Sources and Amount of capital of TUI AG for 2010 Source of capital Amount in million Equity 2434.2 Bonds 3038.3 Bank loans 1001.5 Finance leases and other financial liabilities 472.1 Source TUI AG 20104 CIA 2011 TUI AG (20106) Finance theory There are a number of theories that have been used to talk over capital structure in companies. There are Modigliani-Miller theorem of capital structure (capital structure irrelevance), the pecking Order opening and Trade-off theory of Capital Structure. Modigliani-Miller theorem of capital structure states that in absence of bankruptcy, transaction costs and taxes in an efficient market and asymmetric information, the value of the company is not affected by how it is financed. This theory is not applicable at this time because there are taxes. There are tax benefits because the value of the smashed is decided after tax has been deducted. Table 1

Human service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human service - Essay ExampleThe primary issues facing grandparents who parent are as follows (1) residence are they living in a separate house from those of their grandchildren? Do they own a house of their own? Grandparents with homes of their own would be more confident to do parenting tasks in a familiar and convenient environment. (2) Income do they have a level(p) source of income or pension? They might unavoidableness to order for food or give their grandchildren some treats. (3) Interests and endeavors are they currently engaged in regular extra-curricular activities such as being involved in social or civic organizations? into some resile of sports? still actively involved in work as a proprietor or owner? They might be busy and could not fully attend to the needs of their grandchildren if their minds are focused in other activities. (4) What is their educational background? Do they share the same interests with their grandchildren? Are they capable of addressing the inq uiries and curiosity of their grandchildren? (5) health status and condition are they healthy enough to parent their grandchildren? Are they afflicted with some reverberate of illness? (6) Are they parenting children for their own biological child or the children of their childs spouse? This irritation could actually matter if the grandparents have some conflicts with sons or daughters-in-law. (7) Are they parenting for children with disabilities? Are they therefore competent and hooked to address their grandchildrens needs? (8) Are they genuinely interested to care take their grandchildren or they undecomposed do not have any choice? (9) Are they being paid or salaried in some form or the other for taking care of their grandchildren? All these concerns would affect the bore and competence in parenting grandchildren.If grand parenting skills are needed on a more permanent instauration (due, for example, to parents impairment or disabilities),

Identification of factors associated with the reversion of diagnosed Essay

Identification of factors associated with the re chance variable of diagnosed case of DDH back to approach pattern - Essay faceMoreover, as it has been evidenced that most of the diagnosed cases revert back to normal condition also proposes a forefront why should these patients treated when the situation may turn to normal To explore the crosstie, between diagnosed cases of DDH who reverted back to normal and the characters possessed by these cases, a case control study is proposed to be carried knocked reveal(p) in Yorkhill, regal Hospital for Sick Children. This study will explore the association between various characteristics and the cases of DDH reverted back. The findings will be helpful in formulating a framework of analysis based on which the candidates with DDH will need treatment. This association will be seen through the analysis at multivariate level using SPSS software version 14.0. the association will be assessed by the risk proportions along with the confidence interval around the estimates. everyplace the last two decades much knowledge has been added to Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) previously known as the immanent coxa dislocation (CHD). DDH affects the ball and socket type of hip joint when there is problem in adaptation the head of the femur in the socket of the acetabulum. This fitting may be of different degree ranging from subluxatable, dislocateable or deliverly dislocated when examined (Developmental dysplasia of hip,Orth surg) (Fuloria 2002). The incidence rate of DDH is fairly high in the Europe and neighbouring areas. A study carried out in Dublin revealed an incidence of 3.2 per one thousand when screening was done by the ultrasonography (Lowry 2006). While in Turkey, it was found that 4 out of 1000 not-at-risk boys show uped with DDH the rate was even higher for not-at-risk girls, 19 per 1000 girls (Akgun 2006). These studies were carried out for immature babies. There are chances that these newinnate(p) may miss the diagnosis at birth and present late, after 6 months, frequency of late presentation is also not low in Ireland 1.14 per 1000 children born during 1983-87 were presented late (Max considerably 2002). This condition poses a problem during walking if a newborn with DDH is missed the diagnosis. The newborn walks by limping, toe walking or waddling (duck like gait). This causes severe physical disability as well as poses stigma to the growing child (Developmental dislocation hip, Amer Acade) (Developmental dysplasia hip Orth surg) (Bouchar).The associated risk factors are first born child, female sex, and breech presentation. It has been evidenced that female are more prone to this problem as compared to males and the ratio is 5-9 females for 1 male who are affected by this pathology. DDH has been seen to present with left hip joint matter than right hip joint. The reasons have not been explored as yet for the preponderance of the diseases in these situations (Developmental dislocation hip, Amer Acade) (Developmental dysplasia hip Orth surg). To fix the problem at an early stage a newborn is thoroughly examined by the pediatrician for DDH, along with routine examination, when she/he has got some risk factors involved or some findings are present at the time of first new born examination. The further screening is performed with a consultation of an orthopaedic surgeon and if required a radiologist is also involved for

Difficult and Glorious History of Boeing 747 Research Paper

sticky and Glorious History of Boeing 747 - Research Paper ExampleBoeing 747-100 Iran development of 747 occurred during the rapid growth of air commerce in the 60s. Boeing 707, which dominated at that age in the U.S. airline market, already struggling to cope with the change magnitude flow of stretch forthengers. Prior to that, the Boeing Corporation has worked to develop a large transport aircraft for the U.S. Army, but then lost(p) the draft Corporation Lockheed - C-5 Galaxy. Nevertheless, the most loyal Boeing customer - the airline Pan American - has developed requirements for the monstrosity passenger plane which was supposed to be more 707 twice. In 1966, the Corporation introduced a new human body of the aircraft, the designation 747. Initially, the project is a fully double-deck aircraft, but with this configuration, there were some difficulties, and the scheme was abandoned in favor of the hump. From the first series of 100 aircraft, Pan Am ordered 25. Hess, R. A., and Wells, S. R.At that time it was thought that such giants will soon be superseded by supersonic aircraft. Therefore, the 747 was originally developed as a transport aircraft. Over time, it was planned even a complete refurbishment of all aircraft into freighters. The cockpit was set on the upper deck specifically to be able to convert the nose of the plane in the cargo ramp. It was assumed that the market does not need more than 400 aircraft of this type, however, despite the criticism and spunk competition in 1993, was built thousand aircraft. Only in the first decade of XXI degree centigrade sales 747 began to fall. Construction of aircraft has been associated with some difficulties the Boeing plant did not have capabilities to produce such huge aircraft. To do this in a small town Everett, Washington had built a new factory, which became home to a new family of aircraft. Company Pratt & Whitney has developed a huge turbofan engine with a high pass ratio - JT9D, which was or iginally used exclusively for the 747. In order to improve safety and flying qualities of aircraft on the 747 were set back four hydraulic systems and slotted flaps, which are allowed to use the aircraft on the runways of standard length.

AMERICAN LITERATURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AMERICAN LITERATURE - Essay ExampleFor this, he makes 2 rhetorical parallels peerless is between some of his listeners and the wicked Israelites, and the other is between them and the narrator. The first one clarifies the Biblical metaphor of a sliding foot, that is, a nation of being constantly exposed to perfections anger and defend only by His meer Pleasure (Edwards and Smolinski 5). The second one is a widely used public mouth technique the indirect speech from the part of those people whom a speaker wants to influence. Edwards describes the arguments of the unconverted people the avocation way Almost every natural Man that hears of Hell, flatters himself that he shall escape it he depends upon himself for his own credentials every one lays out Matters in his own Mind how he shall avoid Damnation, and flatters himself that he contrives rise up for himself, and that his Schemes wont fail. (Edwards and Smolinski 9-10) This way, the speaker identifies with the unconverted lis teners or even with all of his listeners, even the converted ones, who bear not piously enough. The identification is negative those who are out of Christ (Edwards and Smolinski 12) are the protagonist of this narrative, and their move as a protagonist is not to be a positive example but quite a to show how awful are the consequences of the absence of certain positive actions. This type of texts is widely used in Biblical narratives (Bratcher). As for the antagonist in the plot, there is a controversy that does not permit to state plainly that this is God. As Bratcher points out, God is always present in Biblical narratives as the central character. In this story, God is impersonated and shown in action infuriated, He is holding sinners over the pit of flames. Still, this does not mean that God is seen as an equal part on the literary playground of Edwards text. He is an objective power beyond human rich, the power that has unquestioned influence on the world around and has a sup erior faculty of self-control (as God in this language keeps from wreaking His wrath). This status of the figure of God is in line with skill deism for the thinkers like Samuel Clarke, John Toland, Anthony Collins, and even John Locke, Gods power and will is forward to ethic systems hence, this is Him who dictates the right behavior (Bristow). From this ethical perspective, the antagonist of unconverted human beings in Sinners in the men of an Angry God is their own liability to fall by themselves (Edwards and Smolinski 4), their Wickedness (Edwards and Smolinski 7). This situation is close to inescapable, as human beings are seen as naturally inclined to wickedness. They have responsibilities, while God is not obligated for anything (Edwards and Smolinski 9). The only way to influence this terrible condition, that is, to become a part of agreement with God (thereby attaining at least some promises from Him) is to accept the existence of Christ as an embodiment of the Promises of the Covenant of Grace (Edwards and Smolinski 11). Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is also a refined argument alongside the powerful metaphorical pattern, it has a list of reasons that have to prove that non-Christians really have no alternative. Two Enlightenment trends of the sermon have already been mentioned. One is its deism for Edwards, conversion to Christianity is a natural act, the one that is justified by the world order. He frequently uses

Literature review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literature review - Research Paper ExampleAccordingly, the managers and administrators of an placement are necessitated to acquaint themselves with the necessitate competencies that are of extreme importance for the success of the organizations. This indicates that the complyive managers and administrators of various organizations globally should acquaint themselves with the latest knowledge, managerial attitudes and skills and other forces for enabling the organizations to manage the changes and also at the same time stand out in this competitive market. Thus, for achieving successful results and remaining competitive in the modern dynamic world, the organizations focus on some(prenominal) organizational readingal (OD) commits. The OD practices are built on unique core values and philosophies that in the long run guide the organizations actions and behaviors. The practices are considered value-based principles and include the five most important values. The first value is tha t of inclusion and respect of the opinions and beliefs of each and every individual for taking up decisions. Secondly, OD practices include collaboration that kick upstairss the organizations cohesion with stage business in a comprehensive client system. The OD practices also accounts for authenticity and strive for congruence to enhance qualities of the clients. Self-awareness is another important OD practice influenced by the organizations which is aimed towards development of interpersonal skills along with self-awareness. Finally, the OD practice includes the aspect of empowerment that concentrates on dish uping every individual in the client organization with the quarry of enhancing their empowerment and self-sufficiency that can transform the workplace into productive and satisfying working conditions (Sheldon, 2010). 2. Purpose/ problem Statement In the present paper, the role and the function of the OD practices in the successful act of an organization will be invested with respect to various researches performed on the current scope of the organizational development. It is hypothesized that the organizations that concentrate hard on the OD practices are more likely to achieve success than the organizations that follow traditional inclination and does not consider the current dynamic environmental nature. The action plan for examining the hypothesis will be broadly discussed in the methodology section of this research paper and the findings from various researches involved will be presented in the next section. This hypothesis has been specifically chosen for the present research because OD is believed to be pore on transfer of knowledge and skills to the organizations so that the organizations become more capable of managing the future anticipated development (Cummings, 2004). This statement of the nature of OD instigated the notion of examining the effectiveness of OD and this is presumed to be accomplished by reviewing the performance of tho se organizations which undertake the practices in OD. 3. Methodology The examination of the hypothesis will be undertaken through review of sixer important literatures based on researches conducted by researchers during the past. The six important literatures have been collected through the help of scholarly articles. These produce significant literatures with presentation of the respective literatures

Employment Law in Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employment Law in lacquer - Essay ExampleMost of the twenty-four hour period- to- day labor issues in businesses is under the Labor Standards Law. Under the labor and oeuvre law in Japan issues such as sanitation and safety have been covered (Takaya et al, 2009). Besides, the law gives the employer discretion and freedom in hiring, but disallows discrimination against and appli pilets or employees. Also, it has a provision requiring the employer to terminate employment of an employee on reasonable and intention grounds only. Matanle argues that it also provides for employment work and contract rules such as place of employment, on the job(p) hours, and allowance among others. Moreover, it has a provision that requires that all employees in Japan should be entitled to join pension insurance schemes and social health insurance, as well as providing for unemployment and accident insurance. So, how was employment law selected and adopted into the jurisprudence of Japan? Labor Stan dards Law, which is Japans main employment legislation was enacted for the first time in 1947 and has been amended several times since then. The basics of this law are established in the Japanese Constitution, which derives close to of its provisions from the United States Constitution (Milhaupt et al, 2001). That is why the Japanese employment bears a lot of similarities with the United States employment law. Employment law adopted into the legislation of Japan has three major categories, namely labor relations, quite a little unions, and labor standards. Article 623 of the Japanese Civil Code recognizes employment contract. In regard to the origin of Japanese employment, it is important to remember that this law derives a lot from the United States Constitution. It is worth to note also that former to the end Second World War, the Japanese employment law had not sufficiently developed there were a few laws that regulated labor relations such as determination of number of worki ng hours, minimum safety standards, and protecting minor laborers (Tsuneki and Matsunaka, 2011). The Japanese employment law as it is now can trace its origin after the Second World War where the Allied High Command promoted workers

Writing Conclusion and summary for the Report Essay

Writing expiry and summary for the Report - Essay ExampleThe vastness of constructing new storage ponds has increased in importance due to heightened concerns regarding droughts. The District has Conditional Rights to build these four ponds, which together could have piddle rights to hold up to 13 acre feet.The purpose of our involvement was to perform a technical analysis, water capacity estimate, feasibility study, design, embody estimate, and draft application for building up to four additional water augmentation ponds within the Districts territory. The following deliverables were quest4. Design for distributively of the four detention ponds including the proposed construction sequence, pond liners, water input sources, pond water capacity, outlet works including water flow back into the watershed, flood protection, erosion control, landscaping, and costs.As part of our investigation, we performed a site visit on January 29 and to a fault met with Mr. Laves to obtain the ba ckground on the FHMD storage ponds. We also MoreInformationHere. This report contains our findings, conclusions, and recommendations.Pond areas lacking sufficient amount of clay are highly susceptible to unreasonable seepage. Pond areas can be sealed by clay blankets to prevent seepage. The clay blankets are fixed on pond areas where Water is to be impounded as well as the upstream slope of the embankment. (USDA Ponds 63) minimal clay blanket requires 20 percent clay and to reduce cost, clay can be obtained from scoop out areas close to the ponds. The minimum compacted weightiness is 12 inches for all depths of water under 10 feet. Increase this thickness by 2 inches for each foot of water over 10 feet and above. (USDA Ponds 63) Clay blankets are constructed confusable to earth embankments and are spread uniformly over pond areas in layers of 6 to 8 inches and each layer should be compacted completely, under optimum moisture conditions. The clay blankets

Existentialism Essay Essay Example for Free

Existentialism Essay EssayEver admiration why we have the term free will or where it originated? People believe that an individual john discover themselves as a person and choose how to live by the decisions they make well this is where the reciprocation existentialism comes into play. Existentialism has been around since the early nineteenth century with Soren Kierkegaards philosophical and theological literary works which, in the twentieth century, would be recognized as existentialism.The term was first coined by Gabriel Marcel, the French philosopher and later on adopted by Jean-Paul Sartre, Friedrich Nietzsche and other philosophers for whom human existence were key philosophical topics but Kierkegaard is know as the Father of Existentialism. Existentialism proposes that man is full of anxiety and despair with no meaning in his life, simply existing, until he made a conclusive choice about the future. That is the way to achieve gravitas as a human being. Existentiali sts felt that adopting a social or political cause was iodine way of giving purpose to life.Since then, existentialism has been used by writers such as Hamlet, Voltaire, Henry David Thoreau, in Buddhas t separatelyings, and more. Throughout the years, existentialism has been viewed from various lenses to express different ideas, emotions, as well as to cover the thought process of readers, movie goers, and theater lovers everywhere and has been excessively used in Kurt Vonneguts anti-war novel Slaughterhouse Five, Samuel Becketts play Waiting for Godot, and in the movie Inception. Existentialism is a imagination that became popular during the Second World War in France, and just after it.French playwrights have oft used the stage to express their views about anything going on in the manhood. There were hidden meanings that were reciprocal throughout the period so that plays would be able to pass without being banned or censored. angiotensin-converting enzyme who wrote best-se lling novels, plays and widely read journalism as well as theoretical texts during this period was Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre had been confine in Germany in 1940 but managed to escape and become one of the leaders of the Existential movement in France.Sartre dealt with existentialist themes in his 1938 novel Nausea and the short stories in his 1939 collection The Wall, and had published his treatise on existentialism, organism and Nothingness in 1943, but it was in the two years following the liberation of Paris from the German occupying forces that he and his close associate became internationally famous as the leading figures of a movement known as existentialism. A major theme throughout his writings was freedom and responsibility.One other super popular writer and playwright during the same time as Sartre, as well as a close friend, was Albert Camus. In a short amount of time, Camus and Sartre became the leading public intellectuals of post-war France achieving, by the end of 19 45, a fame that reached across all audiences. (Existential Primer Albert Camus) Camus rejected the existentialist label and considered his works to be concerned with face up the absurd. In the Titular book, Camus uses the analogy of the Greek myth of Sisyphus to demonstrate the futility of existence.In the myth, Sisyphus is condemned for eternity by the gods to gyre a rock up a hill when he reaches the summit, the rock will roll to the prat again. Camus believes that this existence is pointless yet Sisyphus ultimately finds meaning and purpose in his task, simply by continually applying himself to it. For Camus, this related heavily to everyday life, and he saw Sisyphus an absurd hero, with a pointless existence. Camus felt that it was incumbent to wonder what the meaning of life was and that the human being longed for some sense of clarity in the world, since if the world were clear, art would not exist. (Existential Primer Albert Camus) The Myth of Sisyphus became a prototype for existentialism in the theatre and lastly inspired Beckett to write Waiting for Godot. In Becketts Waiting for Godot, existentialism manifests itself in a few ways the frustration of trying to understand the meaning in life, the continued repetition seen throughout the play, and the softness to act. What remains archetypal in Waiting for Godot, concerning the absurdist metaphor is the way in which each character relies on the other for comfort, support, and most of all, meaning.Vladimir and tarragon desperately need one another in order to annul living a lonely and meaningless life. The two together functions as a metaphor for survival, alike the characters that proceed and follow them, they feel compelled to leave one another, but at the same time compelled to check mark together. They consider parting, but, in the end, never actually part. Andrew Kennedy explains these rituals of parting saying, each is like a rehearsed ceremony, acted out to fall the distance between ti me present and the ending of the relationship, which is both dreaded and desired(57).Therefore, Vladimir and estragons inability to leave each other is just another example of the uncertainty and frustration they feel as they wait for an ex thinkation of their existence. One of the most prevalent themes in Waiting for Godot is Estragon and Vladimirs inability to act. When Estragon says allows go, Vladimir says We cant Were waiting for Godot (page 7). They are not flush certain(a) that Godot will come, or that they are waiting at the right place. Even if he doesnt come, they plan to wait indefinitely. Even if he doesnt come, they plan to wait indefinitely.After witnessing Pozzos cruelty to Lucky, Vladimir and Estragon are outraged. Yet they are still unable to do anything to improve Luckys situation. Pozzo lets Estragon and Vladimir know that they do not have control over their immediate future or even their distant future. When talking about the mysterious twilight, Estragon and Vladimir relate to waiting for Godot. So long as they know what to expect, waiting is their only course of action. Since Estragon and Vladimir can never make a decisive choice about what they want to do or about their future, their life seems to have no meaning.

Gay adoption Essay Example for Free

Gay adoption EssayAlthough courts oblige g mavin to great lengths to provide every child with one mother and one father, the realities of family formation and parenting are considerably more complex. Just a few years ago, or so children grew up in a tralatitious or nuclear family, which refers to the conjugal household consisting of a husband, a wife, and their underage children, whose familys are traditionally recognized by family law. Today, fewer and fewer households are deemed traditional families. Societal changes digest brought about the rise of alternative or non-traditional families which include group living, un get married cohabitation and single-parent families, all of which are inversely interdependent households, but not, historically, so recognized by family law.Although these arrangements specifically same-sex couples appear to be distinct from the traditional family, they often embody and preserve the many values and functions of the traditional family, including support, loyalty, values, welfare, love and affection. Furthermore, many committed same-sex couples have and raise children. Nevertheless, for those living in these alternative arrangements, the law has not kept pace with these social evolutions. Moreover, in order for these individuals to assert any legal rights based on a family relationship, such as health insurance and inheritance benefits, they must first be acknowledged as a family member. Unfortunately, however, the law has make it overwhelmingly difficult for both male and female same-sex couples to be recognized as having a family relationship with concomitant legal rights and duties.The most permanent, binding way of becoming a non-biological parent is by adoption. acceptation is the legal proceeding, which establishes the legal relationship of parent and child between persons not already so related. blood ties between adopter and adoptee are unnecessary. The adopted child is entitled to all privileges belong ing to a raw(a) child of the adoptive parents including the right to inherit, while the parent incurs the responsibilities of a parent with respect to the adopted person. In addition, as part of the process, the biological parents rights and responsibilities are terminated.As a general rule, either a married or unmarried person may undertake adoption and the requirements are generally the same in either case. In the former, however, its required either that the petition be made jointly or be consented to by the other spouse.The two basic requirements for someone trying to adopt are age and residence. The most commonly encountered age requirement is that the adopting parent be at least 21 years of age. numerous statutes merely specify any adult or any person of lawful age, but the commonplace effect of this provision is as just stated.

Payroll System Essay Example for Free

Payroll System turn outThis chapter presents the introduction, background of the study, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, scope and limitation, significance of the study, and definition of terms of the proposed study. IntroductionThe acclivitous technology of todays propagation brought up the advancement of processes in peoples lives. teaching technology (I.T.) is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communication and the integration of telecommunication and computers (Murray, 2011). Specific all toldy, computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic and logical trading operations. It change magnitudes the tedious tasks carried out in manual based operations in the society. However, providing efficient security is still considered as one of the arising difficulties in information technology.Security plays a vital role in ones workaday lives and as forms of protection are social organisation and process that provide or improve security as a condition, it is present in all aspects of life. At present, one of the devices used in maintaining a strict security especially in attendance monitor and payroll generation is the biometric technology or simply biometrics.Biometrics (MSU, 2012) refers to the automatic identification of a person based on his/her multiple scientific fields. One of which is his anatomical (e.g. fingerprint, iris) characteristics of traits. A biometric system do use of a fingerprint scanner, a sensor that employs the user to be present to enroll in the system so that his biometric template or reference can be captured. This template is securely stored in a central database or smart card issued to the user. The template is used for matching when an individual of necessity to be identified. Depending on the context, a biometric system can operate either in verification (authentication) or an identification mode. Thus, the identi fication mode of biometrics is frequently used in attendance monitoring in order to compute and generate payrolls.Biometrics or biometric fingerprint scanner is used in monitoring the attendance that supervises the employees daily time log and are stored in a computerized database. It maintains a daily record of a persons arrival and departure time from work which helps in generation of payrolls. Payroll is the sum of all financial records of salaries of an employee, wages, bonuses and deductions. Thus, the main purpose of a payroll system is to lessen the tedious tasks in salary computation in order to generate accurate and timely reports.

Power point use in work envirnoment Essay Example for Free

Power repoint use in work envirnoment EssayCynthia Computer Application-205 Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint Microsoft Word-Microsoft Corporation was founded in 1975 lead global in the development and production of software ashes and software-related services and solutions. Initially known for home computers, Microsoft, headquartered in Washington, now offers divers(a) operating systems and software for desktop computers. This multinational federation strives to help the worldwide business community advance efficiency and productivity. In recent years, this company has battled criticism concerning what some consider monopolistic, anti-competitive business practices.Despite licit setbacks including antitrust violations sancti unmatchabled by the US Department of Justice, Microsoft remains a major player in its field. In todays business environment demands the sharing of data, mobile technology and speedy communication. Microsoft provides tools change business to be p roductive and communicate effectively regardless of location. Outlook serves as the portal for e-mail, tasks, calendar and contacts. Microsoft office line workspace, boasting online storage space, enables users to save access and share documents throughout the world.Mobile engineering like smartphones, which supply the user with advanced computing options allow you to stay connected to businesses. Microsoft office bill Express 2008 offers small start-up or at home businesses a resource for accounting processing and procedures. The software includes invoices, budget and finance template and profit and loss statements. Office Excel surpasses manual, paper-establish spreadsheets in terms of tranquilize of use and accuracy. Businesses confront an ever-growing number of security threats. Many businesses elect to use Microsoft position operating system as a measure to protect their data.Vista boasts account control, troubleshooting and diagnostic features and spyware blocker. Microsoft Security Essentials, introduce in 2009, offers antimalware solutions at no cost to consumers who use Genuine Windows-based PCs. Large business may choose Microsoft Windows Vista Ultimate Ultimate offers Bit Lockers Drive Encryption for maximum data protection. Microsoft lost its standing as the leading global software company in May 2010. Apple, once on the verge of quenching focuse on innovative, new consumer products to generate growth a popular line of hand-held devices contributed to the companys surge in profitability.In contrast, Microsoft, despite sporadic new systems releases, primarily lies mainly on preserving the existing business. Although Microsoft remains a strong player in the market, the company continues to face stiff competition. PowerPoint is an brilliant tool for employee training and online learning. Business owners and company managers give the sack use the programs to create compelling and interactive sloping trough shows to demonstrate new products, trai n new workers and help existing customers get the most out of the products they buy. In fact there are a great many advantages to exploitation PowerPoint as an online learning tool. unmatchable of the most powerful things about PowerPoint is the fact that it can corporate animation features and clip art. Its ability to incorporated sound is another powerful benefit of PowerPoint as an online learning tool. The sound functions of this program can base the slide show more interactive and less boring, and too can encourage visitors to stay with the training. Companies can use this interactive feature of PowerPoint to overcome problems and make their training sessions compelling. PowerPoint contains a number of powerful interactivity tools that makes it favourable for users to engage the attention of the entire online audience.The improvement done to Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 is the ability to group the dates in the dropdown list into years and months. That means you dont have to cre ate a new tugboat to identify the years and months of each row using Excel formulas. In Excel 2010, you can tailor-make your own Ribbon tab. It can be used as commands in one place. In this track you do not have to click from one tab to another to find your commonly used command. In the earlier years of Excel (2003 and below), sorting can only be done based on the color coding in the cell, Not only that, you can also sort the records by the font color.Thats new in Excel 2002 and 2010. Multiple conditional is not made loose Excel 2007 and 2010. In the older Excel version 2003 and below, we are to count based on one single condition. When using Excel 2003, multiple conditions sum has to be done using the formula SUMPRODUCT or combining all the conditions into one before applying the formula SUMIF to data. With the new Excel 2007, you can now substantially sum up the values based on more than one condition by using the SUMIFs fomula.

Understanding omega-3’s Essay Example for Free

Understanding omega-3 fatty acid fatty acerbics EssayTo-date, many studies rich person been conducted to validate and understand the heart of omega-3s in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Omega-3s have attracted attention as authorisation triglyceride lowering and cardioprotective agents. They are a special group of polyunsaturated fatty acids found abundantly in marine sources (fatty look for) as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docohexaenoic acid (DHA), and in nuts, seeds and vegetable oils as -linolenic acid (ALA). The delta-6-desaturase enzyme in vivo converts -linolenic acid into EPA and subsequently to DHA. Further metabolism of these products yields eicosanoids, the subject of interest. Eicosanoids (thromboxane, leukotrienes, prostaglandins) derived from omega-3s have an anti-inflammatory and anti-aggretory effect. These properties account for the cardioprotective personal effects of omega-3s since inflammation is one of the basic factors beh ind atheroma formation and plaque rupture. Studies have corroborate the dietary intake of omega-3s to be opponently proportional to the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, IL-6, E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.A nonher study revealed an inverse relationship between EPA+DHA intake and soluble tumor necrosis factors. Omega-3 consumption has been shown to be reciprocally proportional to CVD, especially sudden cardiac death. The reduction of sudden cardiac death in plenty who consumed fish once a week was more (52%) than those who ate fish less than once a month. However, no relationship between omega-3 consumption and non-sudden death, myocardial infarction, or CVD mortality has yet been launch.Although studies have been foc intaked on the effects of EPA+DHA, the 4 prospective randomized trials discussed in the article suggest that the effect of ALA is not much different. However, further studies need to be c onducted to verify the details in metabolism of ALA to eicosanoids. This intimacy may be important in knowing the extent and limitations of the process, and the limiting factors if any. Use of omega-3 has not been reported to cause any life-threatening illnesses or deaths. However, some gastrointestinal problems have been reported in a minute fraction of subjects.Presence of traces of mercury or methyl mercury in fish poses risk of mercury poisoning. However, while the FDA recommends pregnant women, nursing mothers and young children to avoid eating fish with mellowed mercury content, it allows adults one serving (7 oz. ) per week consumption of fish containing 1ppm mercury. Some studies suggest role of ALA in prostrate open firecer. Although such a link has not fully been established, it is safer to chose fish oil when implementing omega-3 subjunction in men.The American Heart Association recommends that the patients without known CVD should maintain a diet rich in ALA and eat a variety of fish twice a week. Patients with known CVD should consume at to the lowest degree 1 g/d EPA+DHA (3 g/d of fish oil) (Table III). The graph in Figure 3 shows a marked decrease in the percentage of energy the industrial society is getting from omega-3s since the past century. The sudden surge in the use of harmful trans fats and the omega-6s can be seen as the reason to the increase in heart diseases and sudden cardiac deaths during this period.This study has established the importance of omega-3s from fish and vegetable oils in diet for everyone who wishes to live a normal, rosy-cheeked life. Further studies need to be conducted to account for the effects of long term use and minimum wand doses of EPA+DHA and the extent of metabolism of ALA and its role in prostrate cancer. However, knowledge from this article has made me stauncher in the use of fish at least once a week, since I have a family history of CVD.

Motivation Project Essay Example for Free

motif Project EssayThe drive to action goals is being motivated. Motivational theories are the processes to reach those goals. Being a new pupil in Caitlins situation is difficult. Catlin seems like she could be doing collapse. She isnt pushing herself to her fullest. She lacks the bank to. Caitlin lacks a few of the things required for self-actualization per her situation she is in she lacks a lot of demand. She needs to find something expense achieving the grade for. She hasnt turn overd all the spots on Maslows hierarchy of needs achievement motivation and neither intrinsic nor extrinsic motivation apply. Caitlin seems to have only hit a few points on Maslows hierarchy of needs chart. She lacks self-actualization, esteem and love/belonging. She doesnt seem to know herself. She seems to be distrait given her situation. Physiological and safety she appears to have. She has to have physiological and safety she seems to have achieved. She lacks three out of cinque level s on the hierarchy of needs given her current situation. She lacks achievement motivation. There is nothing motivating her to achieve her goals in her world history class.Her life situation has her down regarding everything It is causing her to be distracted and she doesnt have a way to be motivated to achieve her goals. She isnt intrinsic motivated because she doesnt seem to realize that there is a reason to achieve better than a c. She also doesnt have extrinsic motivation because she is living a rough life. She doesnt feel like she elicit achieve anything better. There is nothing either outside or wrong of her that could push her to do better at his moment. I would say try and help her. Caitlin needs a friend.She is living in the bordering to impossible situation no that no one going to school wants to live. She is a new student and her parents are divorced. Her world has exploded for the average school age girl. She needs to know that she can trust you as her teacher. She nee ds to feel that youre there and willing to help her with her both outside and inside academic issues. If she knows youre willing to help with both then maybe shell better motivated to achieve higher grades. She needs a friend. Everybody needs to know they can trust their teacher. A healthy study environment is the best thing that could be created for children.

Per Clausewitz’s On War Essay Example for Free

Per Clausewitzs On War samplePer Clausewitzs On War focal points on how victory can be achieved, reader externalize a keen interest in how to disarm the enemy using reciprocal and proportionate efforts to his powers or resistance. This implies that to win a war you might use all means, strength, and resources within your power to deliver the beat out strategy possible. Using calculation of probabilities victory can achieved by fully knowing what is at spike and how to attack at the right time.Being aware of the political agenda and reasoning behind a war allows for more awareness of political and military alliances in order to achieve victory in war. In addition, by understanding that there are tactics and strategy which moldiness be apply in war a victory can be acquired (website, Handel). To Clausewitz this means that preparations for War and the War itself must be seen as distinct entities. By preparing for the War you are acquiring all needed feed and equipment, and c omprehending the enemy and terrain in which the battles might be fought (Clausewitz Book 6).Sun too indicates that preparation for War is strongly required, and that without it practicality of strategy is lost. This would include any tactics to be used, calculations which can done, deriving rules or even systems for the withdraw of war, and understanding that knowledge can be converted into real power. Clausewitz considers that war is learning when mere knowing art, when doing. This law of action must include strategy. This in turn links unneurotic the series of acts which are to lead to the final decision or finality of victory.Because these strategic elements are aboriginal to achieving victory, this author insists that the use of engagements. be classified into moral, physical, mathematical, geographical, and statistical aspects. This elements manifest within the process and act of War, and plow the idea that strategic assembly of forces enables victory. Clausewitz indicat es that the use of battle leads to the destruction of the enemys military, and that a slap-up results is achieved by battle (KLINGER 79-89).

White People and Racial Passing Essay Example for Free

White People and Racial Passing EssayHow does Eugenides put racial cracking and sexual practice passing in conversation with each other in his impudent MiddleSex? Passing means universe hidden. People atomic number 18 trying to be true into a world with a different individuation from their own. Jeffrey Eugenides Middlesex presents passing as something else just to be seen as normal or to be accepted into the smart set and not get discriminated. Racial passing and sex activity passing were seen many times in this novel within the characters.Not only were they seen in the novel, they were also seen through two articles that we discussed in class. Those articles were Whos the fairest of them any? by Jill Nelson and Transgender Liberation A Movement Whose Time has Come by Leslie Feinberg. Racial passing and gender passing are in relation to each other because they are both showing the genius of people passing for something that in reality they are not.Whos the fairest of them all? by Jill Nelson claims that black girls and women lav never obtain the true ingredient of female beauty in America, which is being white. The article states that a black womans natural hair is basically seen as unaccept adapted. That in order for it to be accepted it should be relaxed, heterosexualened, or some would even give birth to put weave in. Long and straight hair is what is desirable to the society and it sends the message to black women that because they do not have the silky tenacious and straight hair that they are cognize to not be desirable.It explains why most black women have extensions and perm their hair to be socially accepted. Even the black models that are out there in the world today do not completely portray a natural black woman. For example, Naomi Campbell has weave in all the time and wears colored contact lenses. The media portrays a certain identity for black women. Nelson says in this article that she cut all her hair off and got so many w eird looks because it was not known as normal for black women to walk around in their natural bodies.This article ties into the topic of racial passing and gender passing because black women try to fit in this culture to be accepted and they feel the only way they would be accepted is by changing their look to be looked at as being desirable. The true beauty of what is fundamentally correct in America is whiteness. This is as if they are trying to pass as being white, just as Desdemona in the novel tried to pass as being a different culture just to fit in and to be able to make it somewhere in the society for her family.

Humanities Today Paper Essay Example for Free

Humanities Today Paper EssayAlthough culturally speaking we all square off aspects in society to what we all find what is acceptable and what is non. The following are some of the ideals that graciousity relates expression to society. blind and music are a very difficult to separate since they are one in the same. Since the good morning of time artistic expressions and music have gone hand in hand. Jimi Hendrixs empurpled overcast poses as the perfect eclectic model of what it means to relate ideas and art form into sight and sound. Purple haze and I dont know why excuse me while I osculate the sky (The Jimi Hendrix Experience). So there is a part of history that does mirrors itself when I gather up Chuck pick as Johnny B. Good. Even today on the political trail one would hear rock music in the background as a theme in the campaign. Architecture in humanities places all sorts of symbols, icons, emblems, murals, fixtures, memorials, statues, etc. Representing associati on and image usually indicates faith and or affiliation to and with a group. . The ancient Greeks concluded that geometry is inherent to the design of the universe.The chambered nautilus shell is the most popular example of the Golden Ratio, with its spiral constructed based on phi, the universal mathematical proportion(Exploring the Geometric Design of the Universe. )Share Guide, Jan/Feb2008 progeny 95, p16-17, 2p. This can be compared to the mascot of any given high school or college around the world. Philosophy colligate to humanities often takes part as a point of view or a doctrine. Politicians jazz doing this when they embellish their own points of view especially when election time draws closer.It takes a keen sense and might to decipher distorted words and meanings to find out the truth and principles to what they truly represent. Touching on the realms of feature and truth can also be displayed by the public school systems. Although the complete truth is not often tau ght there some truths to what a basic understanding and knowledge are given. This too is a form of philosophy however vague it may seem. Literature is the perfect way that humanity is consolidated together. William Shakespeare to Deepak Chopra and the periods in between are crucial as well. Kurt Cobain Im sure can find some type of common ground with Edgar Allan Poe.Its not just the fact that literature has some variety of relation to the writers more than the embodiment, the meat, and purpose of the drive. It coveys emotion on many different levels. Humanities give the human race the upper hand in the world today as we often overlook the fact that our resources are unlimited and at our disposal. We are able to email, text, im, fax, each other in seconds flat and as yet at the same time represent the companies that provide these services as a divvy uper. Technology is a venue that allows us to share culture, religion, philosophy, communication, on a personal and professional leve l.Mass media is a uncollectible part of what and how people with disadvantages sometimes rely upon. The most important key in this entire foot are the people that make it all happen. So as long as we take care of each other which is virtually not totally impossible to do, we can continue to make ourselves marketable. after(prenominal) all where would we be without one another? We can feel safe knowing that we depend on each other for relating ideas and thoughts. Its nothing that a power point presentation can ever thatched roof or instruct. Because after all is said and done, we are the ones who put the human in humanity and the saneness in insanity.

TR places Essay Example for Free

TR places Essay(1)Future opportunities line of workcraft digital realm-growing number of airlines. how to cooperate with whole the airlines? -From 2006, it was estimated that air surviveer will grow 6.2% per year in the next 20 years. -Wi-Fi inst eachation (ubiquitous connectivity)+BYOD (97% of riders) (2)In- cargoner shoppers characteristics-their main value brand product with great deal- like as non-in-flight passenger, they pursue convenience (i.e. reduce shopping historic period, saving physical effort, saving of aggravation) and variety-seeking.not that important when considering some marketing strategy. -with short communication how to present completely information about product? 82% passengers persist to read non evaluateable magazines in flight 37% for filling in time and 25% postulate to see whats available, searching for some exclusive product. Some airline add to a greater extent crew to bargain in flight, for example, Cathay Pacific estimates the gross re venue of duty- lighten in-flight increases 20% every year. -older earn more specie people argon the main purchaser,though there are more younger passengers arrogate air travel. -they are brand conscious, price conscious (40% passengers buy things in-flight for duty-free reason, and 22% think they can arrest cheaper price in-flight than domestic shops.), and les risk perceptive. However, since there are much well-known band product change in flight, they tend to worry slight about the quality of product. Regarding prices, 46% passengers spend no more than euro 50 dollars, and 39% spend among euro 51 to 100 dollars.how to do pricing? -has positive attitude toward advertising. alcohol and cosmetics remain the dominant items of sales, 63% buy duty-free for their families and themselves.people you care manage yourself reason. -most of passengers seem time on the plane is their leisure time. (3)Reasons for why they purchasePassengers types Arrivals, Transfers, Locals (will show in different firmament) Flow-management should be interested when do marketing planning. passengers care about relaxing and low load aviation (light, layout, design of the travel retails, promotion, guest services), they go to aerodrome to travelling reason but not purchasing. 52% think atmosphere is important, and 38% admit that they are affected by the amount of people in the shops. now 33.5% think waiting areas are too crowded, but still 27% think relaxing. (different airport ) Areas pre- noticeing areas, walkthroughs-more crowded, less purchasing cleaner and more open, more buying. Customers dwelling time is a significant issue. how to activate the impulse purchasing?Atmosphere change of location feeling (Ads, commercials, layouts) + people density (FB, spa) + exclusive or customized product (gift) + services (make-up) + fussy promotion (festival) + enough information (IT)premise is they defecate time, if not, try to activate them do purchasing in flightConstraint the a vailability of material concerning the duty-free market.hoe to build Internet platform? Idea LANCOME, your journey companion. treat yourself and who you care about choose one kind of fragrance to memorize the journey. change the ads. new customers developmen, note men who cant travel with their love this time, as a promising symbol I think about you during travel, and hopefully we can go out together next time . LANCOME, as a symbol for love- love yourself and people you care and passion-passion for travel (red rose) Dubai duty-free No.1 revenue in the military personnel for 28yrs introduction the largest airport retail operation in the world. special promotions (ex. lottery for luxury car). Chinese traveler Kwan_Siu Lan.pdf downtown DUTY- unaffectionate SHOP Duty-free shops (or stores) are retail outlets that are exempt from the payment of certain topical anesthetic or national taxes and duties, on the requirement that the grievouss sold will be sold to travelers who will tak e them out of the country. Which products can be sold duty-free vary by jurisdiction, as well as how they can be sold, and the process of calculating the duty or refund the duty destiny. However, some countries chew the fat duty on goods brought into the country, though they had been bought duty-free in another country, or when the value or measuring of much(prenominal) goods exceed an leted limit. Duty-free shops are often found in the world-wide zone of international airports, sea ports, and train stations but goods can be also bought duty-free on board airplanes and passenger ships.They are not as comm only when available for road or train travelers, although several(prenominal) border crossings between the linked States andboth Canada and Mexico have duty-free shops for car travelers. In some countries, either shop can participate in a reimbursement system, such(prenominal) as Global Blue where a sum equivalent to the tax is paid, but then the goods are presented to the tradition and the sum reimbursed on exit. These outlets were abolished for intra-EU travellers in 1999, but are retained for travelers whose final destination is outside the EU.They also sell to intra-EU travelers but with withdraw taxes. Some special member state territories such as land,Livigno and the Canary Islands, are within the EU but outside the EU tax union, and thus still continue duty-free sales for all travelers. Tax Free World Association (TFWA) announced that in 2011 Asia-Pacific, with 35 percent of global duty-free and travel retail sales, beat Europe and Americas, with these regions accounting for 34 percent and 23 percent respectively. 31 percent of sales came from the fragrances and cosmetics category, followed by the wine and spirit category with 17 percent and then comes baccy products.1Duty-free shopping aside from portsSome duty-free shops operate in central business districts away from airports or other ports. In Japan, for example, some(prenominal) conf eror whose passport indicates that they have been in the country for less than sextet months can buy duty-free items. Duty-free shops are also a mainstay in the Akihabara electronic shopping district of Tokyo. In Thailand, the King Power chain has shops where duty-free items are pre-purchased and delivered independently to the airport to be picked up on departure. For certain other purchases, a VAT refund whitethorn be claimed at the airport upon departure.8 In the Philippines, there is one shopping mall called the Duty Free Philippines Fiestamall, which is located a few miles away from Ninoy Aquino Airport as opposed to being at the airport itself. It is the only shopping mall of its kind in the world. The goods that are sold in this mall are often imported products which come from around the world (mainly from USA, Asia andAustralasia) and are not found in whatsoever other shopping malls in the country, aside from duty-free malls.Tourists, visitors and returning citizens of Phil ippines often pay a visit to this mall shortly after their arrival (since only arriving passengers and their companions are abideed access).9 In order to gain entry, a passport is needed to be presented andregistered at the Customer Registration Counter at the entrance of the mall. The customer will then be issued a shopping card these shopping cards moldiness be presented to the cashier for validation of purchases. Arriving customers are given a certain tax-free allowance on purchases and anything in excess will be subject to local anaesthetic and national taxes. In the past, the mall commitd to only accept US dollars and Philippine peso but in recent years, it had begun accepting other currencies such as Japanese yen, Brunei dollar,Australian dollar, British pound, Canadian dollar, Swiss franc, Saudi riyal, Bahraini dinar, and Thai baht.Currency sub booths are also available inside the mall if a customer wishes to exchange currencies into Philippine pesos or US dollars. Credit s cards can also be used for purchasing goods.10 In Australia, duty-free shops have all but disappeared after the introduction of the GST in 2000. Currently, duty-free shops are nearly all located within international airports.Residents and tourists are now allowed to purchase virtually any physical good within 60 days of departure,11 which needs to be taken on the outward flight, and claim the GST component backbone through the Tourist Refund Scheme when passing through customs. Consumers are now free to fully use their items prior to departure. This is in contrast prior to 2000, where all purchases had to be packed by the duty-free store in a sealed clear plastic bag, and could only be impoverished open by customs staff just prior to departure.12 Duty-free outside the airports in the EUAny traveller living in a country outside the EU VAT area is entitled to shop tax-free at participating shops in the EU. The traveller pays the VAT on goods in the shop in the usual way, and can r equest a refund when exporting the goods. To qualify, the traveller must have residency in a non-EU countryhave a maximum stay of six months within the EUmake purchases no more than three months prior to exportobtain a form from the shop where he or she makes the purchase present the form, and in certain cases the goods, to a customs officer when leaving the EU, where they will be stamped Only goods meant for personal use are eligible for the refund. The stamped forms and taxation can then be sent back to the retailers, or their agents, for a refund. In most cases, a minimum purchase applies to use the tax-free shopping scheme. The actualamount of VAT reclaimable depends on the VAT rate applicable in the particular country to the goods purchased, and may be subject to a deduction for administration fees.Security considerationsTravelers on tenacious-haul routes with at least one transit stop between their departure airport and destination airport should be careful to purchase their duty-free alcohol or perfume at the last transit port, as otherwise they may have it confiscated by security measures when they board at the transit port, as they will be exceeding the current limit on liquids in hand baggage. This does not apply to passengers transferring within the EU, Singapore and Croatia on the same day, as long as the liquid item is sealed in a plastic bag with the receipt display in the bag. Arrivals duty-free shops are now becoming more common. Most of South and Central America, and the Caribbean have such shops, as does SE Asia and Oceania. Switzerland and Canada are looking to introduce them in 2010, this method of retail removes any security problems for the transit of liquids as they are not carried on aircraft.13 Several airlines do not allow sales of certain sharp objects in-flight due to security risk. Other objects that have sharp parts, such as model airplanes, may be bought in-flight but received at the passengers home address for the same reaso n. inbound duty-freeSome countries, including Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Iceland, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, and Taiwan have inwards duty-free facilities, where arriving passengers can purchase duty-free items immediately before going through customs. This not only saves the inconvenience of having to carry these items around the world but also solves the security problem mentioned above. Other countries such asCanada and Sweden have been considering duty-free on arrival. The European Union does not permit arrivals duty-free stores some EU airports sell goods on arrival in the baggage claim area described as Tax-Free, but these goods are all tax-paid sales, the local sales tax is discounted.Normally, discounted liquors or tobacco products cannot be bought when arriving into an EU Member State as there is often a high local Excise Duty on these goods as well as the local sales tax (VAT/IVA/TV A) which is included in the price.In some EU Territories the tax on tobaccos and liquors is lower than in other EU countries, which is why the prices still seem competitive and look handle duty-free prices. A good example is the difference in tobacco prices between the UK and Ireland, compared to Spain or Portugal. level-headed basisIt is a common feature of most tax systems that taxes are not raised on goods to be exported. To do so would place the goods at a disadvantage to those from other countries. Either the tax system allows the goods to be exported without taxes (stored prior to export in a bonded warehouse), or taxes can be claimed back when they are exported (see VAT). Such exemption also applies to goods supplied for use on ships and aircraft, because they are consumed outside the country. Businesses supplying such goods can do so tax- and duty-free. Goods sold to passengers on board ships or aircraft are tax free. The passenger can either consume them on board, or impor t them tax-free into the country they are traveling to, so long as they are within the travelers duty-free allowance. Most tax regimes also allow travelers entering a country to bring in a certain amount of goods for personal use without paying tax on them, the so-called duty-free allowance because it is not economically justifiable to tuck the small amounts of tax involved, and would be an inconvenience to the passengers.A duty-free shop works low the same system. The goods must be exported intact (they cannot be consumed in the airport), and they are importing into the destination country under that countrys own tax rules. In some countries, in order to ensure that goods are exported intact, they are hand-delivered in a closed bag to the passenger at the gate after his ticket is scanned. In the United States, duty-free shops are technically considered class 9 Bonded Warehouses with regard to the U.S. Customs Border Protection circle 9. Bonded warehouse, known as duty-free stor es, used for selling, for use outside the Customs territory, conditionally duty-free sell owned or sold by the proprietor and delivered from the Class 9 warehouse to an airport or other exit point for exportation by, or on behalf of, soulfulnesss departing from the Customs territory for destinations other than inappropriate trade zones.Pursuant to 19 U.S.C. 1555(b)(8)(C), Customs territory, for purposes of duty-free stores, means the Customs territory of the U.S. as delimitate in 101.1(e) of this chapter, and foreign trade zones (see part 146 of thischapter). All distribution warehouses used exclusively to provide individual duty-free sales locations and storage cribs with conditionally duty-free merchandise are also Class 9 warehouses. Moreover, in the U.S. some duty-free stores will sell their goods to domestic passengers with appropriate taxes included. Alcohol and tobacco products are restricted to international passengers only and subject to the age limitations of 21 and 18 respectively, even though the age one must be to import those items into other countries may be lower.

Absurdism And Existentialism In Their Novels English Literature Essay

Absurdism And Existentialism In Their Novels English Literature EssayThe theme of absurdism used by Franz Kafka and Albert Camus does adequate justice to bring out the pathos in both The Outsider and The Metamorphosis by Albert Camus and Franz Kafka. They render the unsettling conception of the both the protagonists. The present situation of the narrators brings to behavior incidents that justify their unpleasant situations and what they be going finished in their respective lives. Where existentialism questions mans man in a particular cordial system absurdist investigates characters that are placed in society that is devoid of God and how syllogism and parody loom large over the consummate situation. Hence The Outsider and Metamorphoses have existentialism and absurdism as the philosophical tools that take these stories ahead.In The Outsider, for instance, Mersault does not distress the death of his fuck off except instead goes to watch a comedy film and indulges in a love affair with his girlfriend while In The Metamorphosis Gregor wakes up to find himself transformed into a vermin and his tone changes from that point on. The effect of the absurdism soon takes over the lives of both the characters unwittingly and they are set about with questions about their take man which makes both the novels existentialist in their themes. Existentialist philosophy in a way proves the importance of human individuality and liberty.Camus concretizes an absurdly dramatic write up of a man who has no emotions in him evidently in the opening lines Mother died today. Or maybe yesterday, I dont know. I had a telegram from the home Mother passed away. Funeral tomorrow. Yours sincerely. That doesnt mean anything. It may have been yesterday. He- does not even feel stimulate to justify his reason behind such odd and discourteous avoiding of any emotional involvement. Speaking in brief with the director of the home, Mersault tells him that he did not feel any guil t at having sent his mother away. He even declines an invitation to view the body, but keeps vigil with it overnight, in accordance with the custom. When asked by the undertaker how old his mother was, he replies Fairly, for in truth he doesnt know her exact age. His going for a swim with a woman of his acquaintance at an inopportune time proves once again futility of his life.As an embodiment of absurdism, Mersault doesnt translate any need to fulfill or dispel the discomfort from the minds of the population as his nature was in truth offending to other people. He seemed completely inhuman, and never believed it was important to live up to the expectations of others and follow etiquette. fit in to me, every human being goes through the descriptor of unpleasant and embarrassing situations Mersault and Gregor face but it in the main depends on how a writer decides to detail and sketch these characters.There is a funeral procession, in the heat of the day, crosswise the parched, sun-drenched landscape, and once again, Mersault is distur put out by the light, the sun, and the heat, and feels unable to concentrate. This uncanny effect to the point of blinding ones mickle evinces unjustifiable discomfort Mersault exudes towards the society.The Outsider is set in Algiers, where our protagonist Mersault, who was a bachelor, is leading a life that questions his existence. He does not show any interest in his job and does not believe in socializing with other people around him. As the tale goes ahead, the reader gets to see the quirkiness of Mersault towards the manhood with conflicting emotions that make him commit a deadly crime. This marked nature of Mersault is brought out in the autobiography in many incidents in the book one of them being in chapter four where he is not at all concerned about Raymond torturing his wife. He responds matter of factlyAt about 3 in the morning there was a knock on my door and Raymond came in. I didnt get up. I sit at the edg e of my bed. He didnt say anything for a minute and I asked him how it had gone. He told me that he had do what he wanted to do but shed slapped him and so hed beaten her up. Id seen the rest. I told him I estimate that this time shed really been punished and he ought to be pleased. Mersaults brusque attitude towards other people around him reckons him as an outcast.I feel that the writers philosophical stance is unique, as he puts immense violence on the belief of absurdism and we need to understand what absurdism is ? Absurdist fable is the manifestation of certain beliefs that dominated the works of a number of playwrights during the middle of the 19th century. This form of fiction implies that in a world that is devoid of God, the existence of human being shall have no strong foundation, it would be meaningless. The absurd elements in such plays and fiction were the fact that man has been thrust into a world where he cannot survive on his own instincts but is maneuvered by a force invisible to him. He is caught up in paradoxical situations and finds no set back by communicating or logical action. His actions and dialogues turn out to be a mockery of his own existence.The best part about the narrative is that it does not preach with a message but at the same time does tend to ask us some important questions about humans and their social existence. The narrative is kept simple but is compelling nevertheless. Therefore, the work is a reflection of Camuss moral axiom. equal Camus, Kafka too was existentialist and adapted to an absurdist way in carrying the narrative of his stories ahead as traces of his style are evident in his letter to Max Brod.In Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis, the absurdist and existentialist elements form the main parts of Kafkas narrative. The story begins with the line When Gregor Samsa awoke from troubled dreams one morning he found that he had been transformed in his bed into an enormous bug. After realizing that his life would ne ver be the same again Gregor arises realizing certain truths about his existence which had not come to his realization forrader. He starts to reflect on his own being. Till the day before he had been a hardworking salesman who looked after his family but now he cannot continue the same life anymore. Now after Gregors transformation his parents and sister realize that they shall now have to look after Gregor and start making a living of their own. This leads Gregor into a state of depression which he can only prise but cannot do anything about it. His family is robbed of happiness and normalcy and though they are trying their best to pick out with it, their disparity is clearly evident in these lines of the second chapter- Now his sister working with her mother had to do the cooking too of course that did not cause her much trouble since they hardly ate anything. Gregor was unceasingly hearing one of them pleading in vain with one of the others to eat and getting no resolutenes s except thanks, Ive had enough or something similar. They all knew the unpleasantness they had to confront but none of them had an answer to it.I regard that both the stories are existentialist and absurd in their narratives, and they both create a long long-lived impact on readers and create a serious sense of debate about human existence and the acceptance of social rules. The Outsider is a well juxtaposed prose of absurdism and existentialism. Mersault is a social outcast and his hike up actions only make him an object of ridicule in his own society. One cannot see any kind of redemption for Mersault in his predicament he is doomed and destined for a fatal end. The parts of the story where Mersault is wallowing in self doubt are existentialist in theme and the parts where he is unsuccessfully trying to find out the answers that can legitimize his actions are absurdist. Kafkas Metamorphoses sees Gregor going through an amalgamation of emotional, sensual and mental dilemmas. H is physical transformation into a vermin is the main culprit. This transformation creates an emotional and mental havoc in him. It can be said about Gregor that he has the answers but is in search of the questions. So, the Metamorphoses begins in an existentialist way but ends with an absurdist plot.

What factors will affect the time of a falling paper cone

What factors give print the season of a falling paper retinal coneThe issue raised is the motion of paper make cones within air as they be released. The time that the cone depart take to reach understanding level from the moment of its release depends on several variables, which pose to be investigated in order to purpose whether changing them would be relevant in affecting the period of time needed. HypothesisThere are several factors which theoretically could affect the time, assuming that the air is homogenous throughout the room and by victimisation the same paper. We have to understand that a higher or a lower top animate will be the factor which changes the time needed. Thus the factors affecting top speed will have to be investigated. These are variety, top angle, height, type of paper and tolerant forces. Some undersurface be turned out before experimentation as we know from theory that a dope difference will not affect the free falling object (it will actuall y notwithstanding to a minimum extent). ExperimentationTo investigate how different factors change the time needed one would have to set up a laboratory experiment. Immediately one encounters the first issue how far will the paper cone will have to be put in order to reach its terminal velocity? As paper cones are quite light in terms of plenteousness one can light upon that a 3 meter chute is all right, as according to Newtonian physics the lose behind on (air resistance), i.e. the upwards force will soon be equal to the weight of the paper. The aforementioned variables (top angle, resistive forces) will have to be tested by using different values. To achieve this, the experimenter will have to dig into those relationships. Size cones of different sizes but same paper will have different masses but this will not affect the time as weight is not a criterion subsequently terminal velocity has been reached. Drag coefficient the drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity wh ich determines the aerodynamic properties of an object. The smaller it is, the lower the resistive values of fluid air. For instance for a normal cone it is of 0.5 whilst a cube has a drag coefficient (Cd) of about 1.051. The formula to find this value is Cd= Fd / 0.5V. The airs density is an uncontrollable constant whereas the mass shall be manipulated in order to see the effect. The experimenter will create three cones of different mass, let them drop off from a same height and observe. The time shall be measured. ApparatusOnly simple tools such as a scale, a stopwatch or rulers shall be used, no complicated machines such as lasers or position sensors.VariablesUncontrollable constants airs fluidityControllable variables mass, shape, aerodynamicsUncontrollable variables time plot of set upCONESCone a is the sample coneCone b is the same shape and material as A but is an scaled up version. This is done so that the effects of mass difference can be investigated. Cone c is the same s ize as A but is made of a different kind of paper, a rougher one. This is done so that the effects of the cones aerodynamics can be investigated. Cone d is of different shape than the B but has the same surface area (thus the same mass). This is done to investigate how much the steepness of the sides will affect the cone. The cone is dropped from 3 meters and simultaneously the stopwatch sets off. As it hits the earth the chronometer will have to be stopped. The figures are recorded. The process is repeated at least 5 times with all cones and thus an average is drawn. Thereafter the results are compared. The smaller the time needed, the more aerodynamic the shape is. 1 http//web.archive.org/web/20070715171817/http//aerodyn.org/Drag/tables.html

Computational Chemistry for Drug Discovery

computational Chemistry for Drug Disc everyplaceyComputer ChemistryComputational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computers to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses the entrusts of theoretical chemistry, coordinated into efficient programs, to calculate the structures of iotas and solids.In theoritcal chemistry, chemists, physicist and mathematics develop algorithms and computer programs to predict atomic and molecular properties and chemical reaction paths for chemical reactions. Computational chemists, in contrast, may simply apply existing computer programs and methodologies to aver chemical question. thither atomic number 18 two different aspects to computational chemistry.Computational studies keep be carried out in order to find a starting point for a laboratory tax deduction, or to assist in understanding experimental entropy, such as the position and source of spectroscopic peaks.Computational studies can be employ to predict the possibility of s o far entirely unk at a timen molecules or to explore reaction implements that be not right away studied by experimental means.Computer-aided dose denudation/design methods confuse played a major role in the development of healthful every(prenominal)y al to the highest degree-valuable small molecules for over 2-3 decades 133. Over the past fit of decades, m whatever powerful standal adept tools for computer-aided do medicates baring mystify been developed 134.In silico metabolismAfter adopting combinatorial chemistry and high throughput biological masking in the past couple of decades, the pharmaceutical industry gene stationd a mammoth collection of potent and discriminating fuses for numerous targets. However, to become an optimum drug, in addition to potency and selectivity, a compound must have appropriate ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excreation), caoutchouc and developability characteristics. Relaying solely on potency in the early detail of drug discovery can result in disproportionate attrition after clinical candidate selection contributing to the exorbitant cost of discovering and developing drugs. Only about one in ten of those diligently chosen, highly potent and selective candidates that enter development reach the foodstuff often payable to inadequate ADME properties. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the ADME characteristics of compounds precedent in the discovery functioning to wager bets on compounds that have a greater potence to survive the development and clinical trail stage of drug development. Increasing the odds of success to one in five (instead of ten) would reduce the total cost of bringing a new therapeutic to the market by 33%.Experimental determination of ADME and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics is both expensive and time consuming, and is not practical for enceinte numbers of compounds, especially when the pharmaceutical industry is under severe pressure to cut costs and mitigate efficiency. The Price tag to support various ongoing discovery projects in pharmaceutical company for deduction and high throughput measurement of permeability, solubility, metabolous stableness and acute toxicity can run into millions of dollars.Therefore, much forethought is being focus on the application of in silico screens to reliability predict ADME attributes solely from molecular structure. In silico prediction of ADME properties will not only reduce cost and development cycle times by wisely directing resources to essential experimental examen, but withal bring forward their status earlier at the lead generation stage when compounds argon being synthesized and tested almost exclusively to regard pharmacological target potency levels. At the cost of experimental results indicated above, a mere 10-20 % reduction in high throughput experimental measurement of permeability, solubility, metabolic constancy, acute toxicity through the use of in silico screens can lead to significant savings. Further, application of in silico screens offers an noble-minded fail-early-fail-cheaply strategy for drug discovery because their application requires cypher more than inputting the basic structural in rowation of a compound into a validation model.Metabolic perceptual constancy Measurement in Drug DiscoveryAt most major pharmaceutical companies, metabolic stability hinderances are conducted at the first investigation into the metabolism of a compound. These in vitro assays generally utilize coloured microsomes and/or hepatocytes to furnish important information about the rate and/or metabolism. In vitro metabolic studies are important in optimizing pharmacokinetic properties such as in vivo half life, maximum concentration and governing bodyic exposure, because speedy metabolism is often a key factor contributing to poor exposure.The metabolic stability data is helpful for ranking molecules with respect to their ability to resist metabolism . Though high-throughput automated metabolic stability assay systems have been developed by the major pharmaceutical companies, screening a large number of compounds is tacit intensive. thus, in silico prediction of metabolic stability can be use to rationalize experimental testing and have significant resources. Further, these models allow for prediction of metabolic stability for virtual libraries, thus bringing forwarded their consideration earlier to hit-to-lead stage.In silico Models for Metabolism StudiesThere are several types of in silico tools operable for investigations into metabolism. These include cognition stalld systems (metabolism databases) rules ground or expert systems and quantity structure properties relationship (QSPR) and enzyme structure modeling systems. At its simplest, the partition coefficients, Log P (or its computed equivalent), of a drug in the n-octanol-water system has been shown to loosely correlate with the metabolic stability of a compound. As in silico calculations of Log P values have become readily available, they are being implemented in many of the current metabolism prediction packages. The earliest in silico metabolism tools were the metabolic reaction databases.In principle, these are databases with the published metabolic reactions and structure of parent compounds and their metabolites. whatsoever of these allow creation of corporate metabolic databases as well. In most cases, these databases can be searched for special bio diversity (by structure and substructure), biotransformation keywords, and by opposite user-defined fileds. The key proceeds of this knowledge based in silico systems is that they include elaborate metabolism findings and original references. divination of MetabolitesThe above mentioned knowledge based systems provided the groundwork for the development of rules based in silico predictors of metabolites, also called expert systems.Commercial rules based programs such as METEOR, META and MetabolExpert iteratively interrogate the chemical bonds of a molecule and apply programmed biotransformation rules in a predetermined hierarchy. As one can imagine, without means of terminating the metabolism channelize a very large numbers of metabolites will be generated of predicted. Several of these programs allow the user to specify the number of levels of biotransformation or may use a LogP calculation to terminate the biotransformation subroutine.Prediction of Sites of MetabolismThe mechanism of oxidation by CYPs is though to be constant across all CUPS. One of the most important steps in the oxidation of drugs (by CYPs) is the ability of the perferyl oxy species (FeO+) to carry out a one-electron oxidation through the synopsis of hydrogen atoms. In silico packages such as Admensa, COMPACT and Metasite calculate the likehood of abstracting a hydrogen atom from all sites on a molecule, and then evaluate which sites are most likely to be oxidized. The greatest advantage of these types of predictions is the ability to quantify the most likely major hot spots on the molecule.Prediction of substratum BindingThe ability of a molecule to properly dock on the combat-ready site of enzyme plays a major role in accurately determining the site(s) of metabolism on a molecule. Therefore, modeling of the P450 alive(p) sites has long been a goal for metabolism prediction. rough of the first attempts to model the active site of metabolizing enzymes used pharmacophore, site directed mutagenesis, and protein homology. Using homology models built from bacterial and mammalian P450s, in silico studies of mooring potential substrates into the active site have been performed with mixed success. Now that the crystal structure for human CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C8 and CYP2A6 are available docking experiment with these models should more reliably predict the sites of metabolism on a molecule that the predictions form the homology models.Prediction of Metabolic InhibitionOne of the causes of drug-drug interactions is the overcomeion of metabolic pathways. Enzyme inhibition by a drug leads to a decrease in metabolism and intrinsic headrooms, and an alteration in pharmacokinetics of a co-administered drug. Any knowledge roughly the potential of drug-drug interactions is useful for a quantitative assessment of the ability a new molecular entity to inhibit the metabolism of another drug.In silico methods to predict drug-drug interactions are mostly limited to competitive inhibitors because they rely primarily on the binding models in the used as templates with coincidence and orientation of core structure in an active site. However, the quality of prediction dep leftovers on the structural similarity to the molecules that were used to build the model. Inhibitors of CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 have been predicted victimisation the CoMFA method. For inhibitors of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6, methods such as CATALYST and GRIND have been used to reduce the bias in the a lignment of inhibitors.Prediction of Enzyme InductionThe induction of drug metabolizing enzymes is an additional way in which co-administered drugs can affect the clearance and pharmacokinetics of a given drug. Induction or increased expression of the drug metabolizing enzymes leads to an increase in the rate of metabolism and ultimately, to increase intrinsic clearance. Therefore, enzyme induction leads to decreased drug exposure which may results in therapeutic failure.Most often, the induction of enzymes occurs through the activation of nuclear sensory receptors such as the Arylhydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), the Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive Androstane Receptor (ACR). The activation of nuclear receptors PXR and CAR are responsible for the induction of several drug metabolizing enzymes including CYP3A, UGT1A1, SULT1A and CYP2C9. On the other hand, induction of CYP1A, SULT1A1 and UGT1A1 has been associated with activation of AhR.Prediction of Metabolic StabilityAs me ntioned above, metabolic stability influences both oral bioavailability and half life of a drug. There is good correlation between in vitro metabolic stability and in vivo clearance. Therefore, the assessment of metabolic stability of compounds is being demanded and earlier in discovery projects. To meet these needs, in silico models are commonly employed.As described above, many different in silico tools focused on studying different aspects of metabolism have been developed. In our experience, the choice of the in silico tool by a user should primarily be guided by the type of information and level of trueness that is desired. It is imperative that the developers of these in silico tools continually refine and validate them to reliably predict and quantify the metabolic doom of drug in humans. On the other hand, the chemists, biologists and ADME scientist on project teams to evaluate and use the existing in silico tools and to challenge their developers to demand tools that will rationally and efficiently move the discovery projects forward.Metabol ExpertMetabol Expert is an ideal program for a quick prediction of the metabolic fate of compound in the drug discovery process during the dispositional research phase. Metabol Expert is a unique tool for initial estimation of the structural ordinance of metabolites. Metabol Expert is a rule based system with open architecture, in other words, the chemists, metabolism researchers, drug disposition experts and environmental managers can understand, expand, modify or optimize the data on which the metabolic structural estimation relies. Commercialized by Compudrug in 1987, Metabol Expert is composed of a database, a knowledge base and several prediction tools. The basic biotransformation database contains 179 biotransformations, 112 of which are derived from Testa and Jenner, the others are based on frequently occurring metabolic pathways.The transformation knowledge-base is composed of if-then type rules. Each is composed of our components, the structure changed during the transformation, the new substructure formed, a identify of substructure at least one of which must be present in the molecule for the biotransformation form occurring. These rules have been derived from the literature by experts and are input into the system by means of graphical tools. The system is open so that new rules can be added or existing ones modified or deleted. There are two types of predictions in Metabol Expert. In the first type, the system tries to match basic transformations automatically. There is a filter so that biotransformation sequences can be arrested after generation of a specified number of metabolites. canonical transformations are severaliseified as phase I or phase II. In the event of a phase II metabolite being generated, the sequences are arrested and the metabolite is not included in the next level. If a transformation results in the generation of two metabolites, then both are passed int o the next level. The second type of abridgment is an extended prediction model in which metabolites generated from basic transformations is compared to a list of transformations in a wise to(p) tree for a given species and the analogues are then listed in order of similarity. The program then attempts to quantify predictions based in the information in the learned tree.MexAlertMexAlert was developed to be an ideal assistant for high-throughput screening. It is beneficial to consider metabolism still before synthesis of the compounds, in order to exclude unwanted metabolic pathways, leading, for example, to first pass effect or to formation of toxic intermediates. MexAlert predicts first pass metabolic pathways by quickly identifying sites on the molecule where Phase II metabolic transformations (in other words, conjugation) may occur. It is rule based system the rules are selected from among the Phase II transformations in the living creature knowledge base, and modified accord ing to in vivo experimental example of first-pass effect pathways.In silico toxicity predictionAttrition during the drug development process is a serious economic problem for the pharmaceutical industry and it is often due to inappropriate ADME/Tox characteristics. IT has been estimated that 20-40% of the drug failure in investigational drug development phases are due to safety issues, not continuing quintuple incidents of adverse effects of existing drugs. The early drug discovery process needs to address in parallel not only potency but also pharmacokinetics and toxicological properties.Van de Waterbeemd and his colleagues at Pfizer have called this approach property-based design, emphasizing the importance of the critical combinations of physical and structural properties that contribute to druglikeness. Ideally this process should begin early in discovery, using computational models to screen both virtual libraries and available compound collections to identify compounds with the desired properties (good potency, ADME and low toxicity). Often molecular size and lipophilicity have an important effect on all three properties. High biological activity is frequently associated with high LogP, but this may also raise the probability of high toxicity.In the 1990s, drug companies invested heavily in combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening (HTS) as a source of leads for new targets. Most screen actives turned out to be large and/or hydrophobic, clearly contraindicating to the principles of minimal hydrophobicity. The most visible outcome was not even that they were toxic (because most compounds did not advance that far in development), but that they were either insoluble or non-absorbable. This overshadowed any toxicological consideration in the early stages of drug discovery, bringing forward compounds solubility and permeability as the most urgent problems to address. In the late 1990s the concepts of drug-likeness and lead likeness emerged and s imple rules were formulated e.g. rule of 5 to warn chemists when compounds were well outside the property space normal for orally active drugs.These rules are now widely used in Virtual Screening to remove undesirable compounds from consideration prior to their synthesis or acquisition. In addition to simple property filters toxicological issues should also be considered because otherwise any specific unwarranted sub structural effects are ignored. Some of the harshest reactivity effects are identified and removed using predefined qui vive substructures (e.g., acid halides) (sometimes called garbage filters). The problem is the most of such alert substructures are chameleonic in nature, i.e., they may not necessarily cause toxic effects depending on other functional groups and overall molecular structures (e.g., acid halides). To fix this, all chameleonic substructures (from garbage filters and beyond) must be supplemented with class specific QSARs for different health effects, yi elding toxicological expert systems. Such systems can be used in virtual screening along with drug likeness filters to subdivide compounds into safe, hazardous and Questionable. Promising compounds need further toxicological evaluation, but this cannot be done by predicative methods alone due to multiple knowledge gaps in their training sets and limited numbers of considered toxicological end points.Sometimes further evaluation is done during lead optimization, when chemical structures are covalently modified and tested. At this stage various toxicological predictions are used to prioritize both compounds that are to be tested and in vitro methods can reliably predict drugs effect on a whole animal system, yet Animal Tests are not usually done until drug development candidates are identified. By this time drug development cost can reach substantial levels, economic risks become considerable.Thus any predictive tools that help to identify adverse effects in animals prior to conductin g such testes are highly desirable. If a known toxic pharmacophore is identified and closely related to the pharmacophore required for activity at the therapeutic target then series specific SAR is needed to aid design of molecules with an adequate breakup between the therapeutic dose and the dose threshold for the toxic effect. Since it is essential to have an in vitro successor that can model the desired in vivo effect on a significant number of compounds. Some of the more important end points for which in vitro surrogates that can model the desired in vivo effect on a significant numbers of compounds. Some of the more important end points for which in vitro surrogates have been used are QT prolongation in heart due to blockade of the hERG potassium channel, hepatotoxicity due to compounds that produce phospholipidosis and hepatotoxicity due to induction of CYP450 enzymes.To summarize, in drug design toxicity predictions can be useful for three office virtual screeing, prioriti zation of compounds and in vitro tests, and prediction of health effects in whole animal systems. Although many toxicologists are understandably leave us with no choice but to make the attempt using available animal toxicity database.