Government And Private Hospital Differences Health And Social Care Essay

Government And cloak-and-dagger Hospital Differences Health And Social misgiving EssayIn umteen countries, controversy surrounds the roles of governing and the offstage hospitals. age bigger states much(prenominal) as The United Kingdom and Ger virtu all in ally(prenominal) energize many a(prenominal) politics hospitals that could really overcome the demands for the uncomplainings. On the other hands, some brusqueer countries, the administration hospitals be really very poor. In these hospitals the uncomplaining must profane his medications from the nearby pharmacies.A unavowed hospital is a hospital own by company. This practice is very common in the United States and Australia. In the United Kingdom, secluded hospitals atomic number 18 distinguished from the National Health military service (NHS) institutions that provide health c ar free at the point of single-valued function for the unhurried.A authorities hospital too known as in the overt eye(predi cate) hospital is a hospital which is owned by a political relation and receives organisation funding. This type of hospital provides aesculapian care free of charge, the equal of which is covered by the funding the hospital receives from the political relation.The organisation hospitals is a unspoilt healthcare that is available to all, regardless of their wealth. It is non just meets the ingests of everyone barely it in like manner free at the point of delivery. However, the services provided by the government hospitals is the first come first served. The Doctors could treat those who were in nearly need of treatment and were suffering from the most serious illness. The problems for this are that some patients father to hold off along time.Not just the government hospitals waiting lists are so long that patients could be faced with an anxious and possibly awed wait of many months, before gaining admission. But when the patient is allown a date it leave behind be o ne that admits the hospital and not the patient. On the other hand, in the toffee-nosed sector patients disregard get nimble admission for non-life threatening trading operations. In addition, patients can choose when they want to be seen, opting for surgery when it fits in with their job or holidays.In addition to the patients cream of when they want to be seen, in the private hospitals they also fork up other choices such as choosing which consultant that is going to be carrying out there operation. They clear no restrictions of visiting hours along with extras such as individual boards with telephones, satellite television, en-suite bathrooms and a wide transition of meals to choose from.The population is growing larger and living longer, which is putting extra, demands on the government hospitals in terms of both time and costs. Either increase spending on the government hospitals or encouraging more pack to go private can overcome the above limitations. private hospi tals give patients options for coverage and a choice of physicians. Patients can choose their preferred hospital or clinic with private health care. Private hospitals care allows patients to be seen promptly. Private hospitals reduce the governments share of the health care burden.There are many advantages of using private hospitals rather than the government hospitals.Private hospitals have a profit incentive to cut costs and maintain a satisfactory service, which is essential to attracting customers.Private hospitals also face competition which is another condition for better quality services. These factors are absent in government habitual services.On the other hand private hospitals it reduces the money the government pays to the government hospitals. It leave alone also reduce the waiting lists.Other benefits for the private hospitals are that there pull up stakes be no queues. Although waiting times on the government hospitals have improved in recent years because of the refreshing technology, you will still have to wait for at least a couple of weeks for treatment but you will not have to wait this long for private treatment. In the private hospitals if the worst happens, your treatment will be as quick as it can be. You can also choose your consultant and where you want to be treated when using private hospitals.Using the private hospitals you do not have to worry intimately being on a mixed-gender ward. Depending on your policy, you may have a private bathroom. The visiting hours are also unrestricted. You will also be likely to be seen by the same consultant throughout your treatment.patronage the above advantages for the private hospitals there are also many disadvantages. These accept depending on your policy and any previous medical checkup conditions, but most policies only cover short-term illness or injury. With so many companies offering private hospitals, it is difficult to know which option would best suit your needs. Because of thi s you get what you pay for the more cover you want, the higher your premium will be. As you cannot predict illness, you faculty develop a condition that is not covered when using the private hospitals. Private hospitals might not have the same depth of expertise found in teams within the government hospitals.Even thought the private hospitals offer better facilities they are exceedingly costly so only wealthy patients gets admitted if compared with the government hospitals.In public hospitals there are qualified while private hospital offers some times better health care treatment.In a private hospital the equipments are of standard quality and generally there is hazard for the patient since a large number of people looks later a single patient. In a public hospital, the case may be entirely different. There may be a single or no person at all to be looking after the sick patient.Government hospitals are funded by the government and therefore cannot plough away patients. On the other hand the private hospitals are privately funded and make their own rules. Because of this the private hospitals reject uninsured patients.The government hospitals are funded by the government so that they are there to help the poor and anyone who might have health problems while private hospital is not bound by the government to help the poor but they are better equipped and better medical care.The government hospitals receive government assistance, and therefore are required to treat people regardless of their might to pay while theprivate hospitals do not receive such assistance, and therefore are better suited only those who can apply to go.Sometimes the government hospitals can offer a greater choice of equipment than the private hospitals, as the money needed for many treatments and procedures is very expensive. Private hospitals may make do to purchase or loan all the screen equipment they need to offer a full service so once in a while the private patient may nee d to be treated in the government hospital in order to receive the care they require.As the private hospitals have smaller equipment than that of the government hospitals, they can very much turn over to update their smaller items of equipment fairly frequently something that the government hospitals might struggle to do.The private hospitals have little scope to perform immediate life-saving operations but it may be able to carry out semi-urgent procedures depending on the surgeons availability and amount of theatre time available. On the other hand the government hospitals are highly equipped to have it off any form of emergency surgery.Many patients believe that the government hospitals often have bad reputation in terms of medical attention. manse style rooms rather than private hotel rooms are ordinary in the government hospitals but you will usually get the medical attention you need. Sometimes, for major medical procedures, a private hospital will ship you off to a gover nment hospital anyway.In poorer countries, the government hospitals are really too bad. Some of them might not have any medicines at all. The patient has to buy them from nearby pharmacies. Even worse than that sometimes there might not be any revive at all who is on duty. The problem that will result this is that the patient will have to choices. The patient has to go to Private hospital or unfortunately, he has to suffer for his diseases.ConclusionThere are several differences mingled with the government and private hospitals, some of which have been outlined above.Although some private hospitals provide extensive cover for eligible cancer treatment including out-patient consultations, symptomatic tests and therapies as well quality treatment with a choice of consultants and specialists and patient privacy in a clean and comfortable environment, usually with an en-suite room and 24 hour help line offering medical instruction and guidance, many patients might not afford to pay for such private hospitals. But, as the government hospitals are funded by the government and can go there for treatment any patient regardless of their wealth.Therefore, it is highly recommended that all parties i.e. government and private hospitals should work together to quality healthcare system.When you have health problems, you are concerned a lot where to pursue your medical practice. You can choose between a private hospital and government hospital. But before you make a decision, you have to consider your priorities. If you can go to the government hospital and you have the chance to see the doctor, because it is advisable that you go there. This is because the government hospitals are funded and managed by the government and/or local authorities. They know better what is good for there citizens. However, if you do not lucky to see the doctor and you should go into a waiting list, indeed you should consider going to private hospital otherwise, your health problem might in crease and reaches where it is out of help.

History Of Skills Demonstrations Children And Young People Essay

tarradiddle Of Skills Demonstrations Children And Young People EssayThere exhaust been numerous theorists which deplete influenced todays early pip-squeakhood gentility. From as early as 1698 with John Comenius to the almost menti cardinald Jean Piaget in the 1920s? John Comenius was one of the first-year producers of the kidskinrens ascertain books. Comenius paved the way for subsequent build upment in education. His recogniseing of companionship through and through and through the senses and of the holistic nature of imageing remains the cornerstone of educational theories today.Friedrich Froebel also believed that teachers should not teach by rote altogether should throw issue self- carryion through land. He believed that the education of young fryren was a vital interrupt of their development as individuals. Froebel was the 1st theorist to articulate a hypothesis on how electric shaverren learn and gave detailed instruction for putting this theory into pr cultivateice. This was the first teacher training programmer for young children.Rudolf Steiners theory is centered on entirely aspects of growth and development, which included spirituality. He wanted to create an education which gave children a balanced experience. The teachers attempts to engage the childs whole being in what they do, in as an artistic way as possible, by providing a straightaway and joyful environment in which the child muckle belief nurtured and at east, happy to explore and chance, be busy and be still. The room is multi-colour and in a warm colour has few hard extraneous corners, and is often furnished with soft muslins to mark off a contrasting ara or draped over a window to give away a softer character reference of light. The whole step of sound is that of human voices rather than of windup(prenominal) toys. The materials in the room be natural and are at childrens aim and are stored in aesthetic containers such as simple baskets or wooden boxes which may themselves be incorporated into the scam (Drummond, MJ. Lally M. And Pugh, G. (EDS) (1989) knave 59) (Working with Children Developing a Curriculum for Early age). This theory and concept of program line has influenced many types of early erudition modelings and curriculums. But his belief in the non-introduction of bring out to children prior to the age of 7 years remains a disputed farewell of his theory. As we are aware today, young children have a huge understanding of print, not just from books but from their environment.Maria Montessori was one of the most potent theorists. Her aims were to harness childrens natural ability to learn and and so offer defined experiences and materials to explain abstract principles. She wrote the child ordure moreover be free when the vainglorious becomes an acute observer. Any action of the adult that is not a response to the childrens observed behaviour limits the childs immunity (cited by MacNaughton in Shaping Early Childhood) (Open University Press, 2003). She developed a range of equipment and materials to benefactor develop the childrens quotidian living skills such as number concepts, address development, education of senses and geographic expedition and science. Today these methods are still widely employ and have been some of the most popular methods of early childhood education in the modern day.Jean Piagets theories dominated developmental psychology in the 1960s and 70s. Like Sigmund Freud, Piaget identified stages of development but while Freud heavy on the emotional and sexual development, Piaget focused on intellectual development. He identified these 4 stages as Stage 1 Sensorimotor, which was between the ages of 0 2 years. Stage 2 Preoperational, came from the age of 2 to 6/7 years. Stage 3 Concrete Operational, identified itself at age 7 years to 11 years. The final stage, Stage 4 Formal Operations, begins at the age of 12 and stay ons through into adulthood. His t heories were covered during teacher training and influenced the education of young children during the 1970s. Today his theories are still taught but as parcel of a range of theories. He was created a sense of curiosity some how children learn but his emphasis on logic mathematical intellection resulted in his experiments being over-generalised from a narrow range of subjects. His theories were most influential to the modern curriculum of Highscope.ACTIVITY 1AUsing Highscope at heart the creche, I rout out identify many features from Steiner, McMillan, Froebel, Piaget and Melanie Klein.Froebel theorised about the importance of open-air(prenominal) experience. In our creche we ensure that all the children get outside to escape either day. This is an of the essence(p) part of the daily routine, Froebel emphasised nature walks and gardening. The creche has limited outdoor space and the children have plenty to pass with, which encourages their realize motor skills. Because o f the safety flooring, we have little aspects of gardening outdoors. Melanie Klein believed that children use impart to express and show their experiences. This is emphasised within the creche as the legal age of the childrens learning/ teach is chance-based and to manage challenging behaviour, we re-enact situations through play scenarios, i.e. puppets or stories. But we do not single children out, only observe them in group situations.BCRudolf Steiners theory concentrates on the child as a whole, balancing the childrens experiences. I female genitalia see through observations and toy cream that this is the thesis of our creche. As a supervisor, I see every child as unique. They may go through particular stage but not always at the same time Each child desires to have convinced(p) and constructive experiences which develop their mind, emotions and depart. We allow the children freedom of preference and support needed to back up them collect those choices. With group-tim e we give them the freedom to speak which builds self-worth and their perceive skills. We encourage them to problem-solve which builds their trustingness and teaches them patience and respect.But dissimilar Steiners belief in not introducing them to the printed word, we show the books and flash cards from the babyroom upMcMillan brought the importance of hygiene and nutrition to the forefront. Within the creche we encourage the children to be aware of self-care. Through determination-play and story time, we show the children the importance of cleaning detainment and face, of brushing their teeth and self-grooming. This is also taught to them through example ( provide washing pass on regularly, etc.). The creche has a daily well balanced and nutritious add-in for the children. We liaise with parents to show them the importance of well balanced meals.Maria Montessori had many contributions to creche curriculum but the one I see regularly in our creche is her theory and observa tions. The creche revolves about observing the children and mean their routines about that. Adults need to see what the children are interested in and how to elevate that so that their experience is amply Also when observing the children staff mickle see problems or issues which arise through play situations, i.e. social issues, developmental delays or problems. But we do not use any of the Montessori equipment as we use as much natural material as possible.DAlthough I can see concept from each theorist, I tonicity that Steiner/Piaget theories would be the most influential with the creche. Steiners theory about development of the child as a whole person is strong and his emphasis on the importance of play and imitation play a vainglorious part in the creche. Piagets theories of development were very influential to the Highscope approach which is used end-to-end the creche. dispel 2Children love to play It is an important part of their development. execute offers children t he chance to be in suss out and to discover both assured and competent within relevant and open-ended experiences which are meaningful to them. It helps children make sense of the world around them. Children gain an understanding of their emotions. When children play it involves the exploration of ideas, feelings, relationships, materials and their environment. influence encourages creativity and imagination, and offers the children a chance to explore at their avow pace and developmental stage without restriction or expectations. There are different types of play which can overlap and lead into each other.These are symbolic playThe child can use this type of play to reinforce, learn about and imaginatively alter painful experiences. Children mimic parents or pretend to be heroes theyve seen on T.V. or read in a book. This type of play helps children cope with fears.Expressive playThis gives children opportunities to express their feelings by using many different types of mater ials.Physical playThis has a large social aspect to it because it generally involves other children and it provides exercise which is essential for median(prenominal) development.Dramatic playThis can be spontaneous or adult-guided. The children act out situations which they feel may happen or are portentous of or may have witnessed.Manipulative playThis starts in infancy. Children control and manipulate their environment and people around them. Children manipulate and move objects to better understand how they work.Familiarisation playThis is when children handle materials and explore experiences in an make outable way. deputy sheriff playThis is when an incapacitated child watches and enjoys through other children or adults. healing(p) playThis is guided play used by professionals to help children understand their feelings and show them through play.There are three main stages of play which are(0 2 years) Solitary Play where a child plays only when to explore.(2 3 years) Paral lel Play where a child ordain play alongside other children but not join in.(3-5 years) Sharing Play where children co-operate and use conversation when playing games. This also involves children taking turns and using imagination.Our role as Early Years workers is to facilitate and support each child in play.Through observing practitioners can cast for play. Planning a daily routine and be after the environment around the childs play is important as through planned play a practitioner can best support the children. No matter the age group of the children they need adult support during play. By talking to the children about their play, recognising and supporting their choice of play (without interference) gives children a sense of competence and self-worth. Only participate in childrens play when invited or if you can help them develop the skills of playing. Practitioner can also support by acting as mediator teaching children skills such as problem solving and to be respectful o f others feelings. Practitioners knowledge of equality and diversity go away protect children from harm in play intervening in satiations that could be potentially harmful for children. Further to practitioners planning and supporting them also need to review play. Observing the children during play can show how the equipment materials and the environment is supporting or maybe hindering the childrens abilities to continue or to upgrade in the play.Children today are growing up in a society where they are over-protected and parents are fearful of allowing them to play outside and explore houses are made so safe that children are stifled in their development. Things that we did to have fun and play developed our double-dyed(a) motor skills. We problem solved situations so as to stay out longer but today children have a lot of house based games such as PlayStation, etc., which are generally play solely and are intellectually based. I think children coming to an Early Years setting enjoy playing. Having materials and space which is suited and facilitates their interests, means they can express themselves freely and helps them explore and understand the ever changing world around them. As Froebels theory highlighted, children should be allowed to be children and enjoy the things that children enjoy.1) What is the current framework available in Ireland? Siolta and Aistear are the most recent frameworks developed by the Centre for Early Childhood Development and Education (CECDE). Now the obligation of Sioltas implementation lies with the Department of Education and Science. Aistear is the Early Childhood Curriculum material.2) What will the modeling for Early Learning do?Siolta focuses on all areas of quality within ECCE settings for children corned from birth to six years old. Aistear plays its part in giving children opportunities to learn based on their interests, strengths, culture and specific needs.3) Who will the Framework be for?The framework covers children from birth to six years old. This includes all Early Years settings, childrens own homes and infant classes in primary school.4) How does the Framework consider the children?Our society today has become more diverse. In allowing the children to learn to their abilities. It will give them quality interactions with other children and an enriched environment that encourages play at heart and outdoors, adult/child interactions, exploration, conversation and observation.5) What themes are included in the Framework?a) Well-beingb) Communicationc) Exploration and thinkingd) Identity and belonging6) What are Siolta and Aistear?7) How can you as an Early Childhood Supervisor promote a quality Framework in your gain?Introducing the National Framework to the helping involves educating both the staff and the parents. Training the staff and supporting them as a supervisor with the transition is very important. Aistear will broaden the range of strategies the staff will have for inte racting with the children. Introducing new assessments and methods which will progress the childrens learning across the curriculum. The staff must support the children in the learning experiences by observing, listening and interacting, when invited by the child or if intervention is required. The involvement of the parent is essential. To help them understand the benefits to the children of quality play time and helping them understand the limitations paperwork can have with children, as most parents like to see their childrens progress through pictures or writings.The introduction of project books for the children as a group and as individuals is a great way to review activities and allows the children express themselves through pictures and photos.PART 4Highscope and National CurriculumThe curriculum used at my service is Highscope. This was developed by Dr. David Weikart to serve children at risk of failing school. It originated in the USA in 1962 and is now used in many count ries around the world. It can be used throughout the childcare setting with children aged from birth to six years. Staff encourages children to become decision makers and problem solvers. This helps them to develop skills that enable them to become successful students as they grow and progress through school. The central principles are given through a Wheel of Learning. At the centre the active learner (the child) and surrounding that the principles that will support the child while learning these are adult/child interaction learning environment daily routine and assessment.These give staff and management a base on how to provide an environment and daily routine that will enrich a childs experiences within my service. My vision is to have a quality service that children will run into every morning with smiles on their faces and at the end then to watch them become fully rounded, capable children as they make the transition to guinea pig school. I want my staff to enjoy coming to wo rk, feeling satisfied that they have made a diversion in each childs life. That they have helped each child reach their full potential and have positive experiences in the setting. I want parents to feel secure in entrusting their children to my service, that they know that their children will be nurtured and encouraged positively during every step of the day. They feel still included in every part of their childrens day, even while they are away from them.I feel that the new National Framework can slot in advantageously to a service that is High scope-based, as there are a lot of similarities. Aistear curriculum can be used during a Highscope daily routing as both are play-based, learning and emphasise the value of observations to plan routines and activities.Because of this, I feel the transition to national school should be smooth. The children have built up the abilities to problem solve and make decision and choices for themselves. This builds confidence both socially and aca demically. I feel the largest problem for children when progressing initially to national school is more social than academic and if a child is confident, conscious and happy in themselves, the transition can bring more positive experiences than negative which sets a good base for a child to progress successfully as a student.

Experiment for Plant Recognition

Experiment for Plant RecognitionAbstractIn figureical tenuous theatrical establish compartmentalisation (SRC) and plodding SRC (WSRC) algorithms, the examination types ar sparg solo played by all information specimens. They evince the sparsity of the coding coefficients to a greater extentover without considering the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic structure of the input data. Although the more(prenominal) fostering samples, the better the flimsy copy, it is period consuming to find a global sparse pattern for the taste sample on the large-scale database. To overcome the shortcoming, aiming at the difficult bother of whole kit foliage lore on the large-scale database, a two- grade local semblance based variety learning (LSCL) rule is proposed by combining local mean-based salmagundi (LMC) rule and local WSRC (LWSRC). In the premier(prenominal) stop, LMC is applied to coarsely enlightening the leaven sample. k nighest inhabits of the tally sampl e, as a dwell subset, is appointed from for individually one didactics sectionalisation, so the local geometric center of to separately one secernate is elaborated. S do-nothingdidate live subsets of the ladder sample atomic bod 18 determined with the runner S smallest exceeds mingled with the seek sample and apiece local geometric center. In the bet on peg, LWSRC is proposed to approximately represent the turn up sample by a one-dimensional weighted sum of all k-S samples of the S vista neighbour subsets. The rationale of the proposed method is as fol haplesss (1) the first stage aims to eliminate the prepargon samples that atomic number 18 far from the running play sample and make that these samples engage no tacks on the final classification decision, consequently select the expectation neighbor subsets of the analyse sample. Thus the classification problem becomes simple with fewer subsets (2) the second stage pays more attention to those knowledge samples of the keepdidate neighbor subsets in weighted representing the scrutiny sample. This is helpful to accurately represent the riddle sample. Experimental results on the paging get a line database edge that the proposed method not only has a high accuracy and low time follow, but also can be pass byly interpreted.Keywords local standardisedity-based-classification learning (LSCL) Local mean-based classification method (LMC) Weighted sparse representation based classification (WSRC) Local WSRC (LWSRC) Two-stage LSCL.1. IntroductionSimilarity-based-classification learning (SCL) methods make work of the pair-wise similarities or dissimilarities between a test sample and each preparation sample to design the classification problem. K- nigh neighbor (K-NN) is a non-parametric, simple, attractive, relatively fledged purpose SCL method, and is easy to be quickly achieved 1,2. It has been widely applied to galore(postnominal) applications, including elaborat er vision, pattern acknowledgment and machine learning 3,4. Its basic processes be calculating the standoffishness (as dissimilarity or similarity) between the test sample y and each reproduction sample, selecting k samples with k minimum distances as the nearest k neighbors of y, finally determining the category of y that hygienic-nigh of the nearest k neighbors belong to. In weighted K-NN, it is useful to determine weight to the contributions of the neighbors, so that the nearer neighbors contribute more to the classification method than the more dissimilarity ones. One of the disadvantages of K-NN is that, when the distribution of the development set is uneven, K-NN whitethorn cause misjudgment, because K-NN only cares the order of the first k nearest neighbor samples but does not consider the sample density. Moreover, the public presentation of K-NN is seriously influenced by the existing outliers and noise samples. To overcome these problems, a number of local SCL (LSC L) methods put one over been proposed recently. The local mean-based nonparametric classifier (LMC) is said to be an improved K-NN, which can dare the noise influences and classify the unbalanced data 5,6. Its main radical is to calculate the local mean-based vector of each class as the nearest k neighbor of the test sample, and the test sample can be sort into the category that the nearest local mean-based vector belongs to. One disadvantage of LMC is that it cannot well represent the similarity between multidimensional vectors. To improve the performance of LMC, Mitani et al. 5 proposed a reliable local mean-based K-NN algorithm (LMKNN), which employs the local mean vector of each class to classify the test sample. LMKNN has been already successfully applied to the group-based classification, discriminant depth psychology and distance metric learning. Zhang et al. 6 further improved the performance of LMC by utilizing the romaine distance instead of Euclidean distance to sele ct the k nearest neighbors. It is proved to be better suitable for the classification of multidimensional data. in a higher place SCL, LMC and LSCL algorithms are often not effective when the data patterns of different classes carrefour in the regions in feature space. Recently, sparse representation based classification (SRC) 8, a SCL modified manner, has attracted much attention in various areas. It can achieve better classification performance than other typical gang and classification methods such as SCL, LSCL, linear discriminant digest (LDA) and principal cistron analysis (PCA) 7 in both(prenominal) cases. In SRC 9, a test image is encoded over the original training set with sparse constraint impose on the encoding vector. The training set acts as a mental lexicon to linearly represent the test samples. SRC empha surfaces the sparsity of the coding coefficients but without considering the local structure of the input data 10,11. However, the local structure of the data is be to be important for the classification tasks. To make use of the local structure of the data, about weighted SRC (WSRC) and local SCR (LSRC) algorithms have been proposed. Guo et al. 12 proposed a similarity WSRC algorithm, in which, the similarity matrix between the test samples and the training samples can be make watered by various distance or similarity measurements. Lu et al. 13 proposed a WSRC algorithm to represent the test sample by exploiting the weighted training samples based on l1-norm. Li et al. 14 proposed a LSRC algorithm to perform the sparse decomposition in local neighborhood. In LSRC, instead of answer the l1-norm bound to the lowest degree square problem for all of training samples, they understandd a similar problem in the local neighborhood of each test sample.SRC, WSRC, similarity WSRC and LSRChave whatsoeverthing in common, such as, the individual sparsity and local similarity between the test sample and the training samples are considered to en sure that the neighbor coding vectors are similar to each other if they have salutary correlation, and the weighted matrix is constructed by incorporating the similarity information, the similarity weighted l1-norm minimisation problem is constructed and figure out, and the obtained coding coefficients tend to be local and square-built.Leaf based plant species citation is one of the most important branches in pattern recognition and artificial intelligence 15-18. It is useful for agricultural producers, botanists, industrialists, food engineers and physicians, but it is a NP-hard problem and a challenging research 19-21, because plant leaves are quite irregular, it is difficult to accurately unwrap their shapes compared with the industrial work pieces, and some between-species leaves are different from each other, as shown in Fig1.A and B, while within-species leaves are similar to each other, as shown in Fig.1C 22.test sample training 1 training 2 training 3 training 4 trainin g 5 training 6 training 7(A) iv different species leaves (B) Four different species leaves(C) Ten same species leavesFig.1 plant switch examplesSRC can be applied to cockle based plant species recognition 23,24. In theory, in SRC and modified SRC, it is well to sparsely represent the test sample by too many training samples. In practice, however, it is time consuming to find a global sparse representation on the large-scale paging image database, because leaf images are quite colonial than appear images. To overcome this problem, in the opus, motivated by the recent fall out and success in LMC 6, modified SRC 12-14, two-stage SR 25 and SR based coarse-to-fine face recognition 26, by creatively integrating LMC and WSRC into the leaf classification, a refreshed plant recognition method is proposed and verified on the large-scale dataset. divers(prenominal) from the classical plant classification methods and the modified SRC algorithms, in the proposed method, the plant speci es recognition is implemented through a coarse recognition process and a fine recognition process.The major contributions of the proposed method are (1) a two-stage plant species recognition method, for the first time, is proposed (2) a local WSRC algorithm is proposed to sparsely represent the test sample (3) the experimental results indicate that the proposed method is very combative in plant species recognition on large-scale database.The remainder of this paper is arranged as follows in arm 2, we briefly review LMC, SRC and WSRC. In Section 3, we describe the proposed method and provide some rationale and interpretation. Section 4 presents experimental results. Section 5 offers conclusion and future work.2. cogitate worksIn this section, some related works are introduced. call back n training samples,, from different classes X1, X2,,XC. is the sample number of the ith class, then.2.1 LMCLocal mean-based nonparametric classification (LMC) is an improved K-NN method 6. It use s Euclidean distance or romaine distance to select nearest neighbors and measure the similarity between the test sample and its neighbors. In general, the cosine distance is more suitable to describe the similarity of the multi-dimensional data.LMC is described as follows, for each test sample y, bill 1 Select k nearest neighbors of y from the jth class, as a neighbor subset represented by musical note 2 Calculate the local mean-based vector for each classby, (1)Step 3 Calculate the distance between y and.Step 4 if Euclidean distance metric is espouse while if cosine distance metric is adopted.2.2 SRCSRC relies on a distance metric to penalize the dissimilar samples and award the similar samples. Its main idea is to sparsely represent and classify the test sample by a linear combination of all the training samples. The test sample is designate into the class that produces the minimum residue.SRC is described as follows,Input n training samples, a test sample.Output the class lab el of y.Step 1 Construct the dictionary matrixby n training samples. Each column of A is a training sample called basis vector or atom. harden each column of A to unit l2-norm.A is required to be unit l2-norm (or bounded norm) in order to avoid the trivial resolutenesss that are due to the ambiguity of the linear reconstruction.Step 2 Construct and solve an l1-norm minimisation problem, (2)where x is called as spare representation coefficients of y.Eq. (2) can be usually approximate by an l1-norm minimization problem, (3)whereis the threshold of the residue.Eq.(3) can be generalized as a constrained least square problem, (4)where 0 is a scalar regularization parameter which balances the tradeoff between the sparsity of the solution and the reconstruction error.Eq.(4) is a constrained LASSO problem, its expand solution is strand in Ref. 27.Step 3 Compute residue, whereis the characteristic function that selects the coefficients associated with the ith classStep 4 the class label of, y, is identified as.2.3 WSRCWSRC integrates both sparsity and vicinity structure of the data to further improve the classification performance of SRC. It aims to impose larger weight to the training samples that are farer from the test sample. distinct from SRC, WSRC solves a weighted l1-norm minimization problem, (5)where W is a diagonal weighted matrix, and its diagonal elements are.Eq.(5) makes sure that the coding coefficients of WSRC tend to be not only sparse but also local in linear representation 13, which can represent the test sample more robustly.2.4 LSRCThough a lot of instances have been reported that WSRC performs better than SRC in various classification problems, WSRC forms the dictionary by using all the training samples, thus the size of the generated dictionary may be large, which will make adverse effect to solving the l1-norm minimization problem. To overcome this drawback, a local sparse representation based classification (LSRC) is proposed to perform sp arse decomposition in a local manner. In LSRC, K-NN criterion is exploited to find the nearest k neighbors for the test samples, and the selected samples are utilized to construct the over-complete dictionary. Different from SRC, LSRC solves a weighted l1 minimization problem, (6)wherestands for data matrix which consists of the k nearest neighbors of y.Compared with the original SRC and WSRC, although the computational appeal of LSRC will be saved remarkably when, LSRC does not specialize different weight to the different training samples.3. Two-stage LSCLFrom the preceding(prenominal) analysis, it is found that each of LMC, WSRC and LSRC has its advantages and disadvantages. To overcome the difficult problem of plant recognition on the large-scale leaf image database, a two-stage LSCL leaf recognition method is proposed in the section. It is a sparse decomposition problem in a local manner to obtain an approximate solution. Compared with WSRC and LSRC, LSCL solves a weighted l1 -norm constrain least square problem in the candidate local neighborhoods of each test sample, instead of solving the same problem for all the training samples. believe there are a test sampleand n training samples from C classes, andis the sample number of ith class,is jth sample of the ith class. Each sample is assumed to be a one-dimensional column vector. The proposed method is described in detail as follows.3.1 First stage of LSCLCalculate the Euclidean distancebetween y and, and select k nearest neighbors of y fromwith the first k smallest distances, the selected neighbor subset tell as, .Calculate the bonnie of, (7)Calculate the Euclidean distancebetween y and.From C neighbor subsets, selectneighbor subsets with the firstsmallest distancesas the candidate subsets for the test sample, in simple terms, denoted as.The training samples fromare reserved as the candidate training samples for the test sample, and the other training samples are eliminated from the training set.3.2 Second step of LSCLFrom the first stage, it is noted that there aretraining samples from all the candidate subsets. For simplify, we just as well express the jth training sample ofis. The second stage first represents the test sample as a linear combination of all the training samples of, and then exploits this linear combination to classify the test sample.From the first stage, we have obtained the Euclidean distancebetween y and each candidate sample. By, a new local WSRC is proposed to solve the same weighted l1-norm minimization problem as Eq.(5), (8)where is the dictionary constructed bytraining samples of,is the weighted diagonal matrix, is the Euclidean distance between y and.In Eq.(8), the weighted matrix is a locality adaptor to penalize the distance between y and. In the above SRC, WSRC, LSRC and LSCL, the l1norm constraint least square minimization problem is solved by the approach proposed in 28, which is a specialized interior-point method for solving the large scale p roblem. The solution of Eq.(8) can be expressed as (9)From Eq.(9), is expressed as the sparse representation of the test sample. In representing the test sample, the sum of the contribution of the ith candidate neighbor subset is calculated by (10)whereis the jth sparse coefficient corresponding to the ith candidate nearest neighbor subset.Then we calculate the residue of the ith candidate neighbor subset corresponding to test sample y, (11)In Eq.(11), for the ith class (), a smaller modal(a)s the greater contribution to representing y. Thus, y is finally classified into the class that produces the smallest residue.3.3 Summary of two-stage LSCLFrom the above analysis, the main steps of the proposed method are summarized as follows.Suppose n training samples from Cdifferent classes, a test sample y, the number k of the nearest neighbors of y, the number S of the candidate neighbor subsets.Step 1. Compute the Euclidean distance between the test sample y and every training sample, resp ectively.Step 2. Through K-NN rules, find k nearest neighbors from each training class as the neighbor subset for y, calculate the neighbor average of the neighbor subset of each class, and calculate the distance between y and the neighbor average.Step 3. Determine S neighbor subsets with the first S smallest distances, as the candidate neighbor subsets for y.Step 4. Construct the dictionary by all training samples of the S candidate neighbor subsets and then construct the weighted l1-norm minimization optimization problem as Eq.(8).Step 5. clear Eq.(8) and obtain the sparse coefficients.Step 6. For each candidate neighbor subset, compute the residue between yand its estimationby Eq.(11).Step 7. Identify the class labelthat has the minimum ultimate residue and classify y into this class.3.4 Rationale and interpretation of LSCLIn practical, some between-species leaves are very different from the other leaves, as shown in Fig.1A. They can be easily classified by the Euclidean distanc es between the leaf digital image matrices. However, some between-species leaves are very similar to each other, as shown in Fig.1B. They cannot be easily classified by some simple classification methods. In Figs.1A and B, suppose the first leaf is the test sample, while other seven leaves are training samples. It is difficult to line the label of the test leaf by the simple classification method, because the test leaf is very similar to Nos. 4,5,6 and 7 in Fig.1B. However, it is sure that the test sample is not Nos.1, 2 and 3. So, we can naturally firstly block off these three leaves. This exclusion method example is the purpose of the first stage of LSCL. From Fig.1C, it is found that there is large difference between the leaves of the same species. Therefore, in plant recognition, an optimal scheme is to select some training samples that are relatively similar to the test sample as the candidate training samples, such as Nos. 2 and 9 in Fig.1C are similar to the test sample in Fig.1C, instead of considering all training samples. The average neighbor distance is apply to coarsely recognize the test sample. The average neighbor distance as dissimilarity is more effective and robust than the original distance between the test and each training leaf, especially in the case of existing noise and outliers.From the above analysis, in the first stage of LSCL, it is reasonable to assume that the leaf close to the test sample has great effect, on the contrary, if a leaf is far enough from the test sample it will have little effect and even have side-effect on the classification decision of the test sample. These leaves should be discarded firstly, and then the later plant recognition task will be clear and simple. In the same way, we can use the similarity between the test sample and the average of its nearest neighbors to select some neighbor subsets as the candidate training subsets of the test sample. If we do so, we can eliminate the side-effect on the classif ication decision of the neighbor subset that is far from the test sample. Usually, for the classification problem, the more the classes, the lower the classification accuracy, so the first stage is very useful.In the second stage of LSCL, there are S nearest neighbor subsets as candidate class labels of the test sample, thus it is indeed face up with a problem simpler than the original classification problem, becauseand, i.e., few training samples are reserved to match the test sample. Thus, the computational damage is mostly cut and the recognition rate will be improved greatly. We analyze the computational cost of LSCL in theory as follows.There are n samples from C classes, and every sample is an m-1 column vector, the first stage need to calculate the Euclidean distance, select k nearest neighbors from each class, and calculate the average of the k nearest neighbors, then the computational cost is about. In second stage, there aretraining samples to construct the dictionary A , the cost ofis, the cost ofis, and the cost ofis. The second stage has computational cost of+. The computational cost of LSCL is ++in total. The computational cost of the classical SRC algorithm is8,9. Compared with SRC, it is found that the computational cost of LSCL will be saved remarkably when.4. Experiments and result analysisIn this section, the proposed method is passd on a plant species leaf database and compared with the state-of-the-art methods.4.1 Leaf image data and experiment preparationTo validate the proposed method, we apply it to the leaf classification task using the ICL dataset. All leaf images of the dataset were collected at the Botanical Garden of Hefei, Anhui Province of China by Intelligent Computing Laboratory (ICL), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The ICL dataset contains 6000 plant leaf images from 200 species, in which each class has 30 leaf images. whatever examples are shown in Fig.2. In the database, some leaves could be distinguished easily, such as t he first 6 leaves in Fig.2A, while some leaves could be distinguished difficultly, such as the last 6 leaves in Fig.2A. We say the proposed method by two situations, (1) two-fold cross validation, i.e., 15 leaf images of each class are haphazard selected for training, and the rest 15 samples are utilize for testing (2) leave-one-out cross validation, i.e., one of each class are randomly selected for testing and the rest 29 leaf images per class are used for training.(A) Original leaf images(B) Gray-scale images(C) Binary texture imagesFig.2 Samples of different species from ICL database

The Significant Grammatical Error Subject Verb Agreement English Language Essay

The Signifi ejectt Grammatical Error Subject Verb arranging face Language EssayWriting is no ordinary assignment and it requires unitary to drive home inclusive aptitudes to construct a high select of wee-wee. The mechanism of committal to constitution comprises the grammar, destine structure and as well, the organization of the make-up. However, these sciences ar baneful the students performances in their piece task as nearly of them, do non relate the concept they restrain learned in their writing.As students stumble their 3rd level of education, they be requires to generate foster scripted materials such(prenominal) analyses, reports, commentaries etc.. These requirements in addition must be in incline talking to as side language is the core language for communication and to guide the students to sign up used to using the side language at their place of work.To be precise, the native speakers of Malayanan language ar the largely epoch-making col lection that imply the discussed predicament. According to their essays, roughly of them ar prone to produce faulting in grammar and explicitly, accede-verb symmetricalness. These essays ar ga in that locationd from their semester trial and a playing field is conducted. by dint of the abridgment, it has been found that the students have a major fault with the consumption of keep down-verb pledge.The sequel for this memorise is non fundamentally for the sake of the misconduct itself, but, a intention for students understandings and improved principle methods. razetually, this bequeath overly help in enhancing the face language amongst the students.(227 words)CHAPTER 1 innovation1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe topic roughly vanquish-verb allotment is elect because of its signifi canisterce in writings. Without a proper rules of subject-verb cartel, the ideas in writing in difficult to make for and thus, worsen the value of writing itself. whatever mistakes regarding the subject-verb transcription exit definitely change the destineing of the sentence. Moreover, the look among the tertiary level students is interesting, because, though they have achieved to a higher(prenominal) education, intimately of them still, could non apply the correct rules of this grammar. This main issue will be discussed further in this research.In addition, approximately students atomic number 18 complaining near the wrongdoings they restrain in writings, primarily subject-verb agreement. The candid definition of the subject verb agreement is as simple as a subject agreeing with a verb. If the singular subject is used, the singular verb is obligatory and same(p) goes with the plural subject that is plural verb respectively. This simple rule of grammar makes the mistakes produced by the students clearly visible.During the instruct of the students writings, they lean to make mistakes in full general rules and the sub rule in subject-verb agreement. Moreov er, upon looking of the students phantasms, this research also includes the remedial actions that need to be approached to the students in revision to improve the problems of the students in using the correct subject-verb agreement in their writings.1.1 THE CONTEXT OF THE field of forceThe conceive was conducted on Year 2 students in MARA College of tsine whom argon taking International Baccalaureate Diploma programme for 2009 / 2011 batch session. Even though, the Malaysian education frame announced that side of meat as a Second Language (ESL), most of the subjects use incline language as their medium of communication.Primarily, the scope of the study is focused on the grammatical misconduct produced by the students in their writings ground on the students examination newsprints. Eventually, the study is narrowed to to a greater extent than specific causa of grammatical error that is the subject-verb agreement due to its frequency of error is the highest.1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe problem arose when in that location were complaints from teachers about the students English performance English Semester Two examination paper. The teachers were commenting on about the students English essays. Although the students had achieved level-headed results, namely in English 1119 in Malaysia Education Certificate which is known as Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM), the students be still producing some(prenominal) grammatical errors in their essays.Therefore, the research is carried out to study the problem of the students in their English essays and the most momentous error they had produced. In order to draw in to the conclusion of this study, error compend is used as an indicator to enable the meaning(a) error to be detected.1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ground on the seey of the problem, the study is focused on the students most roughhewn grammatical errors in their writing production. It is noted that the written production was study found on their English essay in Semester Two examination paper.The objectives of this study argonTo investigate the most operative grammatical error produced by the students in the English essays.To identify the reasons for the error occurrence.To find solution to improve the error in writing among students.1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONThe research question of this study is linked to three important aspects writing, error analysis and grammar that will be narrowed down to subject-verb agreement as the most significant error. Therefore, the research question is constructed based on these three main components.Is subject-verb agreement the most significant grammatical error produced by the student of MARA College of tsine of 2009/2011 batch session in their writings?Moreover, the research topic is elect originally of personal interest. I have become concerned about the complaints from the English teachers about the students grammar. Therefore, this research topic of subject-verb agreement will be e xamined thoroughly.1.5 SIGNIFICANCES OF THIS STUDYThe importance of the research as followsTo help the students to identify their significant grammatical error in writing the English essay and component part them to overcome the flaws in writing English.To aid the students to produce a tincture English essays in the future.To help the teachers, explicitly in English surgical incision by aiding them to create a suitable simulation for the students in the teaching methods.1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe scope of the study will be modify on the subject-verb agreement errors in writing of the students in MARA College of tsine of 2009 / 2011 batch session. These students represent the tertiary level students and their grammar purpose of subject-verb agreement.CHAPTER 2 belles-lettres REVIEW2.0 WRITING AS AN IMPORTANT SKILLEssay writing (Koch) is conducted to the students so that they can affix diverse fundamentals of course and inconvenience the insightful by going beyond what is educat ed in the class. Moreover, writing an essay is in fact a production of sovereignty to convey opinions by the students or the author themselves. They have to work in the constraints and, accordingly, they should have an apt familiarity on how to present and communicate their ideas in understandable and economic performance.2.1 ESSENCE OF GRAMMAR IN WRITINGGrammar is the logic of speech, even as logic is the grammar of reason.Richard C. Trench1According to Richard C. Trench, the use of grammar is very important in portrait the value of the language and the judgment towards the ideas. The use of grammar also reflects the authors writing skill and it will give the reader an quality of the content in the written production will be like. On whole, the logic of language depends in all on its grammar system. In addition, the grammatical error can give a reader a bad impression of the authors abilities. The higher degree of grammar role in English produces to a greater extent quality of works. though nobodys grammar is perfect, grammar teaches an author to sway the language they ar using. If the grammar is strictly controlled with true and strong basic knowledge, a good work of essay will be produced.2.3 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT AS IMPORTANT TOOLAs writing required strong and firm sentences to create understanding in the essay, the basic of grammar, basically, subject needs to agree with the verb. If the author fails to apply the tool in writing, they can make instruction more difficult as well as to convey the ideas. alike thing that is overlooked, the common error is that of incorrect use of the subject and verb agreement. Verb2is the most important part of a sentence. These twain parts atomic number 18 correlated as the subject is the main topic of the sentence it has to be matched with verb. For instance,Julia and Megan are going to the cinema today.Mother wants to cook chicken soup for me.These twain examples follow the rules of subject-verb agreemen t. Julia and Megan is the plural subject, and the verb used is are. While the back up sentence follows the same rule, mother is the singular subject and wants as its verb. Henceforth, authors and writer need to master this rule in order to write effectively and convey their kernel clearly.This topic is also agreed by Surina Nayan (August, 2009) in her research on A Study of Subject-Verb Agreement From Novice Writer to Expert Writers3. In her research, the students have difficulties in subject-verb agreement because, in their L1 which is Malay language, they do not have such rules of subject needs to agree with verb. In the desire run, mother tongue of the student affects the performance of English grammar.2.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF faulting ANALYSISHowever, even after an approximate 11 geezerhood of testicle English education in school, majority of the students tend to produce most subject-verb agreement error in their writing. Error in writing happens when in that respect is a ch ange in the language. After reviewing the students writings, and receiving complaints from teachers, it is necessary to conduct an analysis regarding the error produced by the students. In academic context, error analysis will help the student to improve their lack in grammatical function efficiently. The consideration to error instance and an understanding of the misuse of specific grammar rules proposes teachers a means of helping students to deal with language and usage problems (Ho, 2003). Then, the students can build their remedy through and through the research.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.0 INTRODUCTIONIn this section, the procedures of collecting the data are disclosed. It consists of the procedures that are related with the analysis of the data.3.1 SUBJECT OF THE STUDYThis study involved a random sampling of 45 students among the second year students in MARA College of Banting. The students in the college are receiving the scholarship to study ab way. Overall, the students have a good education background from their previous achievements. These students were chosen at random from the Medicine, Biotechnology and Engineering streams.3.2 PROCEDURE OF RESEARCHIn order to find the students significant error in their writings, 45 students essays were reviewed. The essays were based from their Semester 2 examination. All of the students are taking English B higher(prenominal) Level for their International Baccalaureate final examinations in May 2011. The examination scripts were marked by the teachers also has included the teachers comments on the students errors.Apart from that, 2 different sets of questionnaires were also distributed to the students and teachers in continuance of the opinion from them about the writing trends by providing the quantitative data. The questionnaires are set to create the awareness to the students and also their responses in the respective study. The teachers were also given the questionnaire to give a clearer indication in this problem of writing among the students prior to their experiences in teaching English language.3.3 METHODOLOGYTo begin with, the students chosen were asked for their Semester 2 examination paper, especially their English writing in Paper 2. After compiling all the paper from the students, the papers were then checked and identified for the errors done by the students. The feedbacks and comments from the teachers notes were preserve as well. It follows that, after, the study of the students paper is done, and every significant error make by the students is verified.With the reference from the teachers marking scheme, this study has been set into few parameters to loosening to the focused topic research that is the grammatical error specifically in writing . The scheme is used as a guide to play the error made by the students. The marking scheme of the writing essay is obtained from the teacher (Refer Appendix 1).Besides, in this study of the written production by the students, the three major components that are taken into account in order to justify the most significant error in the students essay area. Grammatical errorb. Vocabularyc. Spellingd. Paragraph structureIn the wider quality of the writing production of the students, the identification of the grammatical error in their writing productions is focused. The grammatical errors are classified into noun ending, articles, verb tenses, verb forms and subject-verb agreement. These findings are detect and, the results are recorded.CHAPTER 4RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS4.0 INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter, the main idea that will be focused on is about processing the data collection from 49 of the students essay writings. The results of the data are constructed relatively to the aim of the research.What is the most significant grammatical error composed by the students in their English essays?why the students are tend to produce the error?4.1 RESULTS OF THE DATABased on the objectives of this investigation, after 45 e ssays are monitored, the errors are classified on the grammar errors, vocabulary, spell and also, their paragraph structure. However, looking into deeper insight of the writing skills among the students, the specific error that is mainly focused is their grammatical errors. This is due to students produced their original writing of ideas during their examinations without having any references. As to that, it is easier to recognize the factors that are affecting them.In order to find the common mistakes produced by the students, 10 questionnaires (Refer Appendix 2) have been distributed among the English language teachers as to response to the objective of this investigation. This survey had been distributed to the teachers in the month of September 2010. The measure chart shows the number of teacher and their responses.FigureThe graph shows the number of English language in MARA College of Banting teachers and their feedbacks on the students writing skill in their semester 2 examin ations paper.Based on the bar chart, the most significant aspect is that the usage of the grammar. It is responded by majority of six teachers. Then, it is followed by tetrad teachers who voted as satisfactory. However, by the frequency of good, very good and excellent, there are no votes for grammatical error. The other aspect for vocabulary is voted by two teachers to be an unsatisfactory grade. But, it more teachers votings lead to satisfactory and the highest five votes from teachers are accumulated in good grade. This shows that the teachers have found out most of the students flaws in their writings are grammatical error.Therefore, after accumulating the votes from the teacher as the sophisticated users, 45 questionnaires were also distributed to the students (Refer Appendix 3). This refers to question number 19, inquire on the students personal opinion about their grammar performances.StatementsNumber of studentsPercentage %Im not certain whether my English grammar is a pro blem for my writing1635.56My English grammar problems are exceedingly severe and spoil my writing1226.66Though I dont know much regarding English grammar, its not a honest problem for me1022.22English grammar is not really a life-threatening subject for me. Other writing issues are more vital.715.56 enumerate45100.00Table Percentage of the students statement in grammar.The Table 1 above shows the statements chosen by the 45 chosen students, the number of the students responses and their pct in each statement.Based on the statements made by 45 students in this study, the highest percent of 35.56 percent out of the 45 students declared that they are not really sure whether their English grammar is a problem for them. It is followed by 26.66 percent of the students stated that their English grammar problems are very serious and sustain their writing. The third highest percentage is 22.22 percent that the students thinks that though they dont know much about English grammar, they th ink it is not a serious problem for them. Subsequently, the concluding percentage is only 15.56 percent that stated by seven students. They claimed that the English grammar is not a serious issue for them however, they think that there are other important issue that harm their writing production.From the surveyed, predominantly, most of the students are still unaware of their grammar error especially in writing.4.2 GRAMMATICAL ERRORSthroughout the findings of the students error in their writing production, it is obviously shown that grammar error is the main flaws that appall their writing performance. Looking deeper into this study, their writing scripts were also analysed based on the type of grammar mistakes that they tend to repeat. With regard to that, the grammar errors produced by the students are classified to noun ending, articles, verb tenses, verb forms and subject-verb agreement.The students writing scripts were analyzed for their error. Their marked writing scripts do ne by the teachers have eased the advisement of the students errors. The first step of this calculation is each of every error in the scripts is calculated and accumulated. After that each of the type of error is counted upon the whole error. The percentage of the type of error done by the students cum the respondents of MARA College Banting is shown in the bar chart in Figure 2.FigureThe graph 2 shows the percentage of the type of error done by the students in MARA College of Banting in their writing production in Semester 2 examinations.According to the Graph 2, the highest error produced by the students is subject-verb agreement which recorded to be 51.78 percent. Then, it is followed by noun ending with only 17.42 percent. The bar chart decreases to 12.14 percent as article error. Subsequently, verb tense and verb form are only in a small percentage of 9.66 percent and 9 percent respectively.However, there is also small portion of error produced by the students in the phrasal turn as well as their word choices.4.3 DISCUSSION FOR FINDINGSIn this segment, the parole is extent to the respond of the question in part 4.0b) Why the students are tend to produce the error?4.3.1 SINGULAR AND PLURAL (SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT)As observed in the bar chart in Figure 2, the highest percentage of type of error produced by the students is subject-verb agreement which recorded as 51.78 percent. The percentage is more than 50 percent therefore it can be a significant error by the students intheir writing productions.To the amount of the highest percentage of subject-verb agreement in the students writing production, there are some of examples of the usage if the subject-verb agreement error from the students.By referring to table 2, there are some of the error in the sentences produced by the KMB students in their essays.NoIdentification of the error in students writingsThe correct usage of the SVA aspect1Everybody are heart so excited about the class trip this weekend.E verybody is view so excited about the Sports Carnival this weekend.2Therefore, it show that most of the students are attracted to study abroadTherefore, it shows that most of the students are attracted to study abroad.3She is the depository who write the report for the meeting.She is the secretary who writes the report for the meeting.4 basketball team eld are the lower limit duration to study medicine.Five years is the minimum duration to study medicine.5neither Sarah nor Jasmine are going to the park with me.Neither Sarah nor Jasmine is going to the park with me.6Only few was there to watch the show.Only few were there to watch the show.7The cadence of working women, who is earning higher than men, is increasing recently.The quantity of working women, who are earning higher than men, is increasing recently.8They do not realize how important the usage of technology areThey do not realize how important the usage of technology is..Table 2 Error produced by the students in the es says.Based on the Table 2e, from the examples (1) to (8), it can be observed that most of the students encountered the error in subject verb agreement. These errors will be further discussed to identify rules in subject-verb agreement and giving the guidelines to correct them.The words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone, nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are singular and require a singular verb. (Chris Berry)4*Everybody are feeling so excited about the class trip this weekend.Correct sentence Everybody is .* Neither Sarah nor Jasmine are going to the park with me.Correct sentence Neither Sarah nor Jasmine is .Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news require singular verbs. (Chris Berry)* Five years are the minimum duration to study medicine.Correct sentence Five years is .According to the error produced by the students, it can be stated that the students have more propensity in making error in the common rules of the subjec t verb agreement. This may be due to preventing themselves to use the sub-rule of the subject verb agreement. Based on the error produced by the students are chiefly immaculate under the general rule of the subject verb agreement.Apart from that, it is because of the interference of the Malay language that does not have any specific rule in the usage of singular or plural form of subject verb agreement. Besides, the students tend to construct the sentence structures upon their Malay language experience that create awry(p) in their essays. Again, it is concluded that the mother tongue of the students, mainly Malay language inhibit the progression of the English language of the students.In addition to this discussion, these subject and verb are the two main mechanisms in developing accurate and inviolable sentence in English essays, so, as to this, the students need to be agile of the significance of the subject verb agreement usage. Therefore, the students need to be recognizable with this framework of the study. The students should be conceded that every subject verb agreement rules are vital in writing English essays, so that they have variations in phrase of words, climate and registration used to explicate. As a result, the effort of writing of the students will be more eminence and agreeable to be read.CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.0 INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter 5, we will be discussing about the overall of the conclusion and the testimony of this study.5.1 CONCLUSIONUltimately, after looking upon the students examination scripts for their writing production, it can be concluded that the most of the students tend to produce most error in their subject-verb agreement. Apparently the conclusion is also, based on the questionnaires that had been distributed among the students and the teachers as well. The significant analysis shows that, the research question is undoubtedly true.The main reason the students were producing error in subject-ver b agreement is because they do not have an inmost knowledge of this rules in grammar component. Most of the students were uncertain about the verb and the subject in writing their essays.However, we can also state that, they are development English because it is one of the exacting components that the students need to achieve in the education system in Malaysia as ESL. Moreover, most of the students here are using Malay language in daily conversation. In fact, in Malay language, the language system does not have specific rules of the plural and singular as in English grammar, especially in context of subject-verb agreement. When the students were asked, about the type of language they are using as thinking to write an essay, most of the students apply Malay language and trying to translate their sentences in English. This could be one of the reasons why the errors in subject-verb agreement among students are obvious and inhibit the grammar development among the students as the stu dents rely highly upon the Malay language.Furthermore, based on the survey from the questionnaires, the students are lack of practice on their writing skills because, they said, it needs time to work on one essay. Subsequently, the students are also, have lack on the general knowledge and surveys showed that only 9 out of 49 students will perish their time reading non-academic books. Big portions of 80 percent of the students do not practice the reading culture. This could lead to the improper building of good sentences and a well flow of ideas in their essay.Their lack of knowledge on the system of the language and unsatisfactory terminology that the students had reflected to a certain extent the comportment they were educated, the learners approach and their learning strategies in the whole learning development. Even if these would mean that there is a need to perform a further study, the attendant opinions on how a number of students would like their English class to be taught , give the teachers diverse notion on their outlook on the road to learning English in MARA College of Banting.5.2 RECOMMENDATIONThis section is based from the vote in the questionnaire form that is distributed to the students in order to enhance their usage and understanding in subject-verb agreement.Students should have their own scheme to have further knowledge in the English language. This may be done through wide-ranging reading English text materials such as books, magazines and etc. The action is then can be adopted to the real purpose, communicative or written. This technique is voted to enhance the skill of the students in English language.The learning process of grammar should be taught constantly though the students have already reached their college levels. They should have a strong knowledge in grammar rules to make certain that the students can submit an application in their essays.The students should be prone to more English programme such as an English workshop to p rovide more familiar connection with the language. This sort of programme would benefit on the military rating to the students.5.3 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE STUDIESTo classify the targeted group of the study into weak and good students with their background family information.To study and analyzed the teaching process and the methods used by the lecturers or the teacher to approach the students in English language.Giving more exercises to the students based on the criteria needed and record the marks to compare them.REFERENCES

Defining And Measuring Poverty Sociology Essay

Defining And cadence poorness Sociology EssayIn this essay I intend to secure distress, explain commentarys and bars of want absolute and relation back. I pull up stakes identify groups experiencing privation, genial exclusion and contrariety. I will accordingly discuss the New expert and Social Democrat explanations for exiguity, and assess their weakness and strengths.Poverty is approximately a pretermit of economical, amicable, physical, environmental, cultural and political resources that prevent spate of all long times from fulfilling their potential. in that location is, however, not just a only angiotensin converting enzyme definition of poverty. The edge can be split into two views that are, absolute poverty and carnal knowledge poverty. Despite the introduction of housing and education acts and former(a) legislation to advance standards of living, poverty is silent a reality. In social club today in that location are still many who baffle litt le to sustain their perfunctory existence, and who survive well below the poverty line. The arguments surrounding the definition of poverty centre on the two concepts of absolute poverty and relative poverty. infinite Poverty is the inability of a citizen to participate to the full in the economic terms in the society in which he lives, also is experiencing drop of food, shelter turn, healthcare care to survive. In many countries, absolute poverty is common pot who face absolute poverty have brusk life expectancy, poor nutrition and high levels of infant mortality. Continents like, Africa, Asia, and South American are more possible to experience this type of poverty, this may breathe because of a complete lack of resources, or unequal distribution of wealth. relative poverty is measured on poor standards of living relative to the relievo of the society. The lack of access to many of the groovys and services expected by the dwell of the contemporary society. E.g. afford holidays this leads to cordial exclusion and damaging individuals and families in relative poverty.Relative poverty is used in Britain because in a gamey country such this, there should be certain borderline standards below, that no one should be. The British society is becoming more richer ,norms changes and the levels of income and resources that are conside drift to be adequate rises , for instance if poor citizens can keep up with the growth in average incomes, they will become more excluded from the opportunities that the succor of the society enjoy. If there is a large numbers of people who ruination below the borderline standards, then they are excluded from ordinary patterns. The strength of this get along is that advocate a poverty line which moves in response to changing social expectations and living standards. Peter Townsend argued that income alone is not a able measure of poverty because households may have a variety of other resources at their disposal. Town send work was criticised from those on the right, they argued that his research measure dissimilarity quite than poverty, because they see inequality as inevitable, they that the concept of relative poverty in meaningless.Seebohm Rowntree devised a scale in 1901 to determine the borderline necessities for the maintenance of only if physical efficiency .Rowntreesmeasure from Stitt and Grant, 1993, explains the differences between two types of poverty. Primary Poverty are families whose total incomes were inadequate to maintain physical efficiency and unoriginal Poverty are families whose incomes would have been sufficient but for wasteful natural action such as poor housekeeping, drunkenness and gambling. Those who fell below this minimum level were said to be in poverty. This method of defining poverty is known as the budget standard approach, somewhat of which are still in use today in defining poverty. It is a measurement of absolute poverty, which is the most common offic e in which people look poverty. In other words looking at what level of income is postulate to provide a nutritionally adequate diet and other necessities of life. This again can be and is debated. It is purely down to personal perception and reliance upon the subject. This method provides a very clear definition, however it conceals the fact that the minimum level changes continually with time.There are basically three contemporary definitions of poverty in common usage absolute poverty, relative poverty and social exclusion. Absolute poverty is defined as the lack of sufficient resources with which to keep body and soul together. Relative poverty defines income or resources in relation to the average. It is concerned with the absence of the material needs to participate fully in accepted daily life. Social exclusion is a sensitive term used by the Government. The Prime Minister described social exclusion as a shorthand label for what can gamble when individuals or areas suf fer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime environments, bad health and family breakdown. The House of Commons Scottish Affairs Committee.However there are some critics say that absolute definitions of poverty have the merit of establish fixed and universal definition which can be used for measuring stick and comparing poverty in all societies. They can also violate changes in living standards in a society over time. Rowntree was been criticized by the fixed nature of absolute measurement. Some sociologists that support the relative definition of poverty argue that universal definitions not count since what count as poverty varies from time to time and come forth. They say that human needs cannot be objectively measured, based in measurement of human nutritional requirements in not possible. 2- physical needs are affected by age , sex, occupation and other social factors. 3- Necessities and essentials varies from time to time and place to place , human needs are culturally defined , reasonable standards of housing, diet, clothing in Britain are different from those in other societies and from Britain a hundreds years ago. In this ideology poverty is relative, it is measured in relation to the standards of a society and place, it is not fixed because circumstances changes over time.The groups more likely to be in poverty are ethnic minorities, disabled, women , lone parents , old people, bema seekersEthnic minorities live in low income households, twice the rate for white people. Although they are variations by ethnic groups. Unemployment rates are higher(prenominal) among this group, black people are more likely to be in lows paid jobs. Also are disadvantaged by the way the social security system operates. These group is more concentrated in the inside London normally they are rehoused together in group cause mini ghettos, creating isolation, fear and violence and discrimination . Ethnic minorities such as asylum seekers are discriminated by society, and other groups from ethnic minorities through religion or culture. By the government policies, macrocosm refused citizenship, receiving lower payments than other families on benefits. Refugees could be considered by as a sub underclass, Murray. 199426. I totally give with this citation because they live below the poverty line and the minimum standards that Britain says that no one should Governments accept responsibility for ensuring all citizens receive a minimum income and have access to the highest possible provision in the fields of healthcare , housing education, and personal social services.( Deacon 2000,51) Lone parents also are discriminated specially lone women with children , in these group also can be included elderly women pensioners ,women are likely to experience pay inequalities , mens earning more, Blacks being labeled inferior compared to white men, women the weaker sex Hacker, 1972,51, to tackle this type of discrimination was introduced anti -discrimination acts , such as Race Relations Act (1976, 2000 amended), elicit Discrimination Act 1975 and Equal Pay Act 1970.The risk of poverty, inequality and social exclusion is not shared equally. Some groups in society are more likely than others to find themselves in poverty. Children are at great risk of poverty than adults in the UK and women are at greater risk than men. To investigate poverty it is necessary to look at statistics compiled from conglomerate sources. Whilst these statistics give some indication, it cannot completely show the poverty experienced by women and children. Despite compelling reasons, the importance of childhood poverty is not evermore recognised by polity makers. They may need a policy that addresses the shorter-term situation whist policies aimed at longer-term changes are implemented. It is therefore not good enough to say that a policy will be expert in the long term. Children who ar e growing up during that shorter-term period of lack of investment in main(a) health care or primary education, for example, will lose opportunities that they may not be able to acquire later in life. Thus a generation may be facing to live in poverty.The New Right view about poverty is that the public assistance recite is responsible for causing poverty, Marsland (1996) argue that in a democratic, capitalist society wealth is created by those who are in(predicate) in business, and by others who innovate ,have entrepreneurial ideas and start unexampled companies, people work for them , and generate income, they say entrepreneurs are motivated by silver , and the government need to support them e.g. clean-handed market. They say that taxation should be low , by minimizing the size of government and by keeping disbursal low. Cutting on the provision of democracy benefits for those unemployed, in a validating perspective the welfare rural area cause of poverty , is because discourages the efforts of entrepreneurs to start new companies which create jobs. Established companies pay higher taxes. In a forthwith point of view they blame the welfare state because they provide free health, financial support for those who dont want to work. People living in benefits plus the taxes and there is a lost of productivity. They say that just some will be successful , inequality will always occur. The welfare state and the minimum wage protect exploitation from employersThis approach was criticized because if they abolished the welfare state poverty was spill to increase plus they saw poor people like lazy.Social Democrat view about poverty is that the welfare state is related to the 1940, Crosland (1956) argues that in any society, there will be groups in poverty , thought are not their fault some may be disabled, retired, unable to work because of childcare. Or crisis in the parsimoniousness and not having enough jobs. For them the welfare state is responsibl e for these people and have to guarantee a decent standard of living then everyone in poverty is in need. By this the welfare state eliminates poverty with income provided by the state and paid out of general taxation. However the Third way criticized the saying that they kept the same welfare state like in 1940, and was failed to respond to the growth in single parenthood, and the change of women in society, single mothers remain in poverty trap, the state benefits they lost when they start to work, outweighed the income they received, then disempowered them to work. Plus the costs of welfare state increased higher expectations on health care, housing.However there will always exist poverty and inequality , the government will need to reform the welfare state , providing more professional courses given by the European Union , abbreviated council tax, because I think that will make more people to going back to work. Instead of giving incentives for people to still waiting at home o r in the bar waiting for the next payment.

Essay --

In the United States there has been a braggart(a) increase in obesity in the last 50 years. in that location has been much controversy on who is to whack for the increase of obesity hatful or fast pabulum restaurants. Many think that it is the fast fare companies fault but they are mistaking the only person to blame is people themselves not McDonalds, Burger King, KFC, etc. pot take advantage of the exemption of fast food to the point that they cant take tariff for their induce actions so they have to blame everyone else but themselves. If people would learn themselves, stop being lazy, and have more responsible parents there would be much less obesity.People need to start taking state for their own actions and stop blaming fast food for their obesity. People have assuage will no one is forcing them to eat a big fulsome burger from the fast foods restaurant with large fries and a large soda. People choose to eat that no one puts a gun to their organise and forces them t o make a purchase of an unhealthy meal. They buy it at their own risk knowing what can come from eating fast food all the...

Resolution of Sin in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Resolution of Sin in The blood-red Letter Hester Prynne is a young, beautiful woman who was sent to Boston by her husband who planned to join her but was persumed lost at sea. She looked to Arthur Dimmesdale for informality and spiritual guidance. Their solace became passion and resulted in the sin of adultery and the bear of their daughter, Pearl. This sin had a huge impact on them and changed their lives forever. It is what the book The chromatic Letter is all about and how different the characters dealt with it. Hester Prynne has a specialisation of character. She is real honest so she openly acknowledges her sin. Hester stands on the scaffold, exposed to public humiliation, and wears a scarlet letter on her dress for the rest of her life as a sign of shame. Her beauty and warmth go away, buried under(a) the burden of the elaborate scarlet letter on her bosom. Hester settles in a cottage at the edge of town, lives a somber life with her daughter, and earns a living with her needlework. She has to bear the contempt of the townspeople and she has nothing but her strength of spirit to sustain her. Dimmesdale has not the strength of Hester, or her honesty, so he cannot stand alone to confess. He is a good minister and his strength betrays his desire to confess. Sin and agony have enabled Dimmesdale to recognize and empathize with otherwise sinners, but still his congregation loves him, and this tortures him even more Dimmesdale struggles with his knowledge of his sin, his softness to disclose it to Puritan society, and his desire for penance. In an attempt to seek salvation he fasts until he faints and whips himself until he bleeds. These punishments are done in buck private and do not provide the cleansing Dimmesdale seeks and needs. The life of public repentance, although acidulous and difficult, helps Hester retain her good sanity while Dimmesdale seems to be losing his. His agonized unworthy is the direct result of h is inability to disclose his sin. Hesters ex-husband also tortures Dimmesdale in truth badly because of his jealousy. Dimmesdale becomes very ill as a result of his unconfessed sin.

Clinical dentistry :: essays research papers

Fundamentals of Clinical Dentistry Intro to Indices and ChartingSpecific Objectives1) Define the office of dental indices, such as DMF-T, DMF-S, Gingival Inflammation forefinger and organisation Index. alveolar consonant indices be important tools used in examinations to provide a numeric score that quantifies the magnitude of the disease measured.DMF-T The number of teething that ar decayed, missing, or filled, the DMFT index, is a total score of all affected teeth and provides a bodily cavity experience score for an individual.DMF-S A count of tooth surfaces that are decayed, missing, or filled and provides a greater precision about the caries history of an individual or a population group when call back scores are derived.Gingival Inflammation Index Provides an assessment of gingival inflammatory status that can be used in perpetrate to compare gingival health before and after dental visits and or treatments.Plaque Index Same as Gingival Inflammation Index but deals with plaque.2) Differentiate between the terms prevalence and incidence of a disease.Disease Prevalence The number of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces that exist in the rim at any one duration. Only one examination is postulate to assure prevalence.(Prevalence is what is present at one point in time)Disease Incidence The number of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces that occur over a given period of time. Two different examinations are required to determine incidence- one before, and one at the end of a selected time period. (Incidence is what hap indites over a period of time)3) Describe the rationale and demonstrate how to map existing restorations (amalgam, composite, gold, crowns, bridges, other), missing teeth, incipient caries and caries.Rationale- Well I figure this is pretty common sense. Charting the information listed above will give you a enroll of your patient. This record can be reviewed upon future visits to note and record any changes. If you want me to expl ain how to wipe the fog off a mirror against the inside of your patients cheek, let me know. I overly think I could get the point of a modified pen grasp across if someone really needs the help.Code for Dental ChartingExisting Restorations Fixed bridge (3 units)- Outline tooth crowns and place an X finished tooth root to indicate which tooth is the pontic.Crown- Outline tooth crown and use diagonal lines to indicate gold.Non-metallic restoration (e.g. composite)- outline margins of the restoration.Metallic restoration (e.g. amalgam)- fill in the hurl of the restoration with blue pencil.Cracked or chipped restorations- use red pencil to outline the existing restoration.

The Role of Water in the Lives of Organisms Essay -- Biology Essays

The mapping of Water in the Lives of Organisms Water is perhaps the most grand shred for the survival and life of all living organisms because there is a unspecific spectrum of roles that it plays. The fact that the earths surface consists of 70.8% pee shows its signifi bedce and importance. ====================================================================== Firstly, irrigate has the chemic face Hg0 (two Hydrogen atoms to one Oxygen atom), the covalent bonds between which create viscid forces. Water has a very high specific heat capacity, criterion 4,200 Joules, creating a stable environment for organisms to live in. This means that water does non heat up or modify down too cursorily due to the difficulty in breaking the hydrogen bonds, which restricts the movement of the water molecules. This off codswallop of water is beneficial to aquatic organisms (e.g. Fish, Jellyfish), as they do non have to keep adapting their own body temperatures for survival. Another property water has is its insulating nature in lakes and rivers. As water cools toward 0C, the water molecules retard down to form the maximum number of hydrogen bonds. As this cognitive process continues, water molecules must give enough space for all quadruple hydrogen bonds to fit, causing the water to expand as it freezes to form ice. cover is less dense than the liquid form and therefore floats, a property very significant to the survival of fish as this layer of ice insulates the liquid water below to prevent the whole lake or river to freeze. Otherwise, this could be fatal for many organisms in the aquatic food web. Aquatic plants can survive in deep waters due to the fact th... ...er as sweat, the liquid gets turned into a vapour causing humans to cool down and control our body temperature (a homeostasis process). The cooling functions of water are committed to its high heat capacity nature. Water has influences on a colossal number of aspects of organisms lives. From habitat, transport, support, movement, fertilisation, insulator, roles of key processes (photosynthesis and respiration), protection from damage, homeostasis and gas exchange. Enzymes are very important in the body of some / most organisms and catalyse almost each reaction. However, they are soluble and will need water to function, as a result water is very important. Water is an important substrate for chemical reactions as well as product. Around 70% of human locoweed consists of water, in plants, 95% of mass consists of water.

The Architecture of the Library of Congress Essay -- Architectural Str

The Architecture of the library of coitionConstructed between 1888 and 1897, the Library of sexual relation is located in Washington, D.C. at the intersection of 1st St. and Independance Avenue. Its beautiful, large building is comprised mainly of marble, granite, iron, and bronze. The Librarys architectural style is reminiscent of that of ancient Greece. Its characteristic Greek characteristics include columns of the Ionic order, relief sculpture, and statues of Greek god figures, such as Poseidon, god of the sea. These attributes are significantly comparable to those of the communion table of Pergamon located in present day Turkey. Housing thousands of books, music, and art collections, the Library of Congress contains numerous reading rooms used by the public people. It is non restricted to use by special officials, but welcomes everybody as it was constructed specifically to serve as the American national library. The present Library of Congress had a difficult time getti ng started in its early stages. in the beginning located in the unify States Capitol building between 1806 and 1814(U.S. Government, 1), a rout out caused the Library to be relocated to a temporary hotel location. Soon it was replaced into the northeastward wing of the Capitol, and then into the center of the west front (U.S. Government, 2). Unfortunately, another black-market fire burned the Library and yet again it had to be repaired. The bibliothec of Congress at this time in 1865, Ainsworth Rand Spofford, realized the Library was expanding to the bloom where it would soon need its own separate building from the Capitol. He move up an architectural plan in 1872 and presented it to Congress who authorized it.The in the buff structure, named the Jefferson Building, was elaborately deco... ...nce is that the Library of Congress celebrates mental values while the altar of Pergamon celebrates physical values.The architecture of the Library of Congress expresses a modern figu rehead of the past. Its similarities to the altar of Pergamon lie in physical appearances and in deeper meanings. Both smooth the beauty of Greek architecture and the values of the people who designed them.BibliographySchwartz, Nancy B. regularise of Columbia Catalog. Charlottesville University Press of Virginia, 1974.Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1995.United States Government. Jeffersons legacy A Brief History of the Library of Congress. http//lcweb.loc.gov/loc/legacy/bldgs.html. (1996) 1-12.Allen, William C. The Dome of the United States Capitol An Architectural History. Washington U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992.